英语学习
幼儿英语自然拼读与发音规则教学指导手册
附录：拼音声调引导法
附录：调值的概念
附录：英语音标 /j/ ≠ 拼音 j
附录：/v/ 发音教学：两种引导路径
元音教学：拼音迁移法
附录：英语辅音发音对照表
附录：英语元音字母组合完整对照表
附录：英语元音发音与对应字母组合对照表
标准英语音标：48个
/θ/ 和 /ð/ 发音规则
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附录：英语元音字母组合完整对照表
## 一、两个字母的组合 ### ai / ay → /eɪ/ **ai（中间）** rain, train, pain, mail, tail, wait, fail, nail, sail, brain, chain, plain, stain, trail, grain, snail, trail, waist, claim, paint, faint, praise, raise, afraid, straight **ay（结尾）** day, play, say, may, way, stay, pay, lay, ray, bay, gray, pray, spray, stray, tray, clay, delay, display, essay, Friday, holiday, maybe, okay, railway, Sunday --- ### au → /ɔː/ autumn, August, cause, because, pause, sauce, fault, launch, haunted, laundry, author, audio, applause, auction, audience, astronaut, automatic, auxiliary, caution, clause, daughter, fraud, gaunt, haul, haunted, laundry, maul, naughty, pause, sauce, saucer, taut, vault --- ### aw → /ɔː/ saw, law, paw, draw, straw, claw, jaw, raw, dawn, lawn, yawn, crawl, awful, hawk, straw, bawl, brawn, claw, crawfish, dawn, drawl, fawn, flaw, gnaw, hawthorn, jaw, jigsaw, lawless, lawnmower, outlaw, paw, prawn, raw, sawn, scrawl, shawl, spawn, straw, thaw, trawl, withdraw, yawn --- ### ea → /iː/ /e/ /eɪ/ /ɪə/ **/iː/** sea, tea, eat, read, speak, teach, beach, dream, cream, leaf, meal, meat, peace, reach, steam, bean, beast, cheap, clean, deal, east, feast, flea, gleam, heal, lead, leak, lean, leap, least, pea, peak, seal, seam, seat, team, treat, wheat **/e/** bread, head, dead, deaf, health, wealth, breath, sweat, threat, spread, instead, ready, heavy, steady, breakfast, breast, dread, feather, heaven, jealous, leather, meadow, peasant, pleasant, realm, stealth, sweater, threaten, treasure, weapon, weather **/eɪ/** great, break, steak, yea **/ɪə/** ear, dear, near, clear, fear, hear, tear, year, beard, dreary, fearful, gear, hearse, nearly, rear, spear, tearful --- ### ee → /iː/ see, tree, bee, green, sleep, feet, meet, week, street, sweet, deep, keep, need, queen, speed, beet, bleed, breed, cheek, creek, deed, deem, feed, flee, fleet, free, freeze, greed, greet, heel, jeep, keen, knee, leek, meek, need, peek, peel, reef, reel, screen, seed, seek, sheep, sleek, sleeve, speech, steel, steep, sweep, teeth, three, tweet, wheel --- ### ei → /eɪ/ /iː/ /e/ **/eɪ/** vein, veil, eight, weight, neighbor, freight, reign, beige, deign, feign, heinous, neigh, neighborly, reindeer, skein, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh, weightless **/iː/** receive, ceiling, deceive, perceive, conceive, protein, caffeine, either, leisure（美式）, neither, receipt, seize, sheik, weird **/e/** their, heir, heifer, leisure（英式）, heirloom, heirship, heist --- ### eo → /iː/（少数） people, leopard, jeopardy, geography, geometry, theory, theology, theorem, theorize, theoretical, geodesic, geodetic, geological, geometrical, geothermal --- ### eu → /juː/ Europe, neutral, museum, pneumonia, eucalyptus, eulogy, euphemism, euphoria, euthanasia, neutron, eureka, euro, European, feud, feudal, leukemia, maneuver, pseudonym, therapeutic, therapeutic --- ### ew → /uː/ /juː/ **/uː/** grew, drew, flew, blew, chew, screw, threw, brew, crew, jewel, brew, brew, cashew, chew, crew, dew, drew, flew, grew, jewel, knew, screw, shrew, strew, threw **/juː/** few, new, knew, dew, stew, view, nephew, askew, curfew, mildew, renew, sewage, sewer, skew, spew, steward, viewpoint, pew, hewn, mew --- ### ey → /eɪ/ /iː/ **/eɪ/** they, grey, prey, obey, survey, convey, whey, hey, trey, bey, greyhound, obey, prey, purvey, surveyor, they, conveyer, conveyor **/iː/** key, monkey, donkey, honey, money, turkey, chimney, valley, alley, barley, blarney, cockney, donkey, galley, hackney, honey, jersey, journey, kidney, lackey, medley, monkey, motley, parsley, pulley, spinney, trolley, turkey, valley, volley, whiskey, winney --- ### ie → /iː/ /aɪ/ **/iː/** piece, field, shield, believe, achieve, niece, chief, brief, grief, thief, belief, believe, besiege, cashier, chiefly, diesel, fierce, frontier, grieve, mischief, pierce, priest, relief, relieve, retrieve, siege, wield, yield **/aɪ/** lie, die, tie, pie, tried, cried, fried, replied, denied, applied, belied, complied, defied, dried, flies, implied, magnified, multiplied, occupied, petrified, plied, pried, qualified, relied, satisfied, specified, spied, stupefied, supplied, terrified, tied, unified, untied, verified, vilified --- ### oa → /əʊ/ boat, coat, goat, road, soap, load, loaf, oak, oat, roast, toast, coal, goal, moan, soak, boast, broach, cloak, coach, coarse, coast, croak, float, gloat, groan, hoard, hoarse, loan, moat, oath, poach, roach, roam, shoal, throat, toad --- ### oe → /əʊ/ toe, doe, hoe, foe, goes, shoes, canoe, aloe, oboe, roe, sloe, woe, mistletoe, tiptoe, floe, hoeing, shoehorn, toenail, toecap, woeful --- ### oi / oy → /ɔɪ/ **oi（中间）** oil, boil, coin, soil, point, join, voice, noise, choice, spoil, toilet, poison, avoid, appoint, broil, cloister, coil, disappoint, embroider, exploit, foil, hoist, joint, loiter, moist, ointment, poise, rejoice, recoil, soil, spoil, turmoil, void **oy（结尾）** boy, toy, joy, enjoy, royal, annoy, destroy, employ, loyal, voyage, oyster, alloy, annoy, boycott, coy, decoy, deploy, destroy, employ, enjoy, envoy, joy, loyal, ploy, royalty, savoy, soy, toy, troy, voyage --- ### oo → /uː/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ /ɔː/ **/uː/** moon, soon, food, cool, pool, school, spoon, boot, room, tool, zoo, bloom, broom, goose, loose, boom, boost, booth, brood, choose, coop, croon, drool, droop, fool, gloom, groom, groove, hoop, hoot, loom, loop, moo, mood, noon, ooze, proof, roof, root, scoop, shoot, smooth, snooze, stoop, swoop, troop, zoom **/ʊ/** book, look, took, good, foot, wood, hook, cook, shook, stood, wool, brook, childhood, crook, foothold, football, goodbye, hood, hoof, hook, notebook, outlook, rook, soot, textbook, understood, wooden, woolen **/ʌ/** blood, flood, bloody, flooded, bloodshot, bloodthirsty **/ɔː/** door, floor, indoor, outdoor, doorway, doormat, doorstep, flooring, floorboard --- ### ou → /aʊ/ /ʌ/ /ɔː/ /uː/ /əʊ/ **/aʊ/** out, house, mouse, mouth, cloud, loud, found, ground, sound, round, shout, about, proud, south, count, abound, aloud, amount, announce, around, astound, bounce, bound, brown, chowder, cloud, compound, council, counsel, counter, county, crouch, devour, doubt, drought, drowse, flounder, foul, founder, frown, grouch, ground, hound, hour, joust, lounge, loud, mound, mount, noun, ouch, ounce, our, outbound, outcome, outer, outfit, outline, output, outrage, outside, outskirts, outstanding, outstretch, outwit, pouch, pound, pout, profound, pronoun, proud, recount, round, route, scout, shout, slouch, snout, sound, south, spout, sprout, stout, surround, thousand, tout, trout, vouch, wound（过去式） **/ʌ/** young, country, couple, double, trouble, touch, enough, rough, tough, courage, cousin, double, encourage, flourish, nourish, southern, touchy, trouble, young **/ɔː/** thought, bought, fought, sought, brought, ought, nought, wrought, besought, methought, thoughtless **/uː/** group, soup, through, you, youth, routine, acoustic, cougar, coupon, ghoul, mousse, pouffe, recoup, rouge, route, souvenir, styrofoam, toucan, toupee, ukulele, wound（名词） **/əʊ/** soul, shoulder, though, dough, boulder, mould, poultry, smoulder, thorough, though --- ### ow → /aʊ/ /əʊ/ **/aʊ/** cow, how, now, brown, down, town, flower, power, shower, tower, crowd, growl, owl, scowl, bow, brow, clown, crown, drown, frown, gown, howl, jowl, plow, prowl, scow, sow（母猪）, vow, wow **/əʊ/** snow, blow, grow, show, know, low, slow, throw, below, bowl, crow, flow, glow, row, window, arrow, borrow, bow, elbow, fellow, follow, grow, hollow, mellow, narrow, pillow, rainbow, row, shadow, shallow, sorrow, sparrow, swallow, tomorrow, widow, willow, yellow --- ### ue → /uː/ /juː/ **/uː/** blue, glue, true, clue, flu, sue, due, blues, bruise, cruise, flue, glue, gruesome, rue, slue, sue, true, undue **/juː/** cue, hue, value, continue, argue, rescue, avenue, barbecue, continue, cue, due, ensue, hue, imbue, issue, pursue, residue, revenue, statue, tissue, value, venue, virtue --- ### ui → /uː/ /ɪ/ **/uː/** fruit, juice, suit, cruise, bruise, recruit, bruit, conduit, cruise, druid, fruit, juice, lawsuit, pursuit, recruit, ruin, sluice, suit, suitable, suitcase, suitor, unsuitable **/ɪ/** build, guitar, biscuit, circuit, built, guild, guilt, guinea, guise, guitar, quilt, squid, equip, liquid, quick, quit, quite, quiz, biscuit, circuit --- ### uy → /aɪ/ buy, guy, buyer, guyline, buyout, guyrope, buyback, buy-in, buyoff, buyout --- ### ye → /aɪ/ /iː/ **/aɪ/** bye, dye, lye, rye, eye, eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid, eyesight, eyewitness, dyed, dyeing, rye, eyed, eyeful, eyeglass, eyeliner, eyepiece, eyesore, eyetooth **/iː/** ye（古语） --- ## 二、三个字母的组合 ### air → /eə/ air, hair, chair, pair, fair, stair, repair, despair, affair, airfare, airline, airplane, airport, airship, airtight, airway, chairlift, chairman, dairy, despair, fairground, fairy, flair, haircut, hairdryer, impair, lair, pair, prairie, repair, stairway, unfair --- ### are → /eə/ care, dare, share, stare, spare, square, prepare, aware, bare, blare, compare, declare, fare, flare, glare, hare, mare, pare, rare, scare, snare, spare, square, stare, tare, ware, warfare, welfare --- ### ear → /ɪə/ /eə/ /ɜː/ **/ɪə/** ear, dear, fear, hear, near, clear, tear, year, beard, dreary, fearful, gear, hearse, nearly, rear, spear, tearful, weary **/eə/** bear, pear, wear, swear, tear（撕裂）, forbear, overbear, pear, pear-shaped, pearly, swear, tear, underwear, wearable, wearisome, weary **/ɜː/** learn, earn, earth, early, heard, search, pearl, earnest, earthquake, earthly, earthy, hearing, learn, pearl, rehearse, research, search, unearth --- ### eer → /ɪə/ deer, beer, cheer, steer, engineer, volunteer, career, jeer, lecher, leer, peer, pioneer, queer, sheer, sneer, veer, veneer, volunteer --- ### eigh → /eɪ/ eight, weight, neighbor, freight, sleigh, height, weigh, reign, veil, beige, deign, feign, heinous, neigh, neighborly, reindeer, skein, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh, weightless --- ### ere → /eə/ /ɪə/ **/eə/** there, where, anywhere, elsewhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, thereafter, thereby, therefore, therein, thereof, thereto, thereupon, therewith, whereabout, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereupon, wherever **/ɪə/** here, mere, severe, adhere, cohere, interfere, persevere, reverence, sincere, sphere, atmosphere, hemisphere, austere, bizarre, cashmere, compere, premiere, revere, severe, veneer --- ### igh → /aɪ/ light, night, high, fight, right, bright, flight, might, sight, tight, blight, brighten, delight, enlighten, flight, fright, height, highlight, highway, insight, knight, lighthouse, lightning, midnight, moonlight, nightfall, nightmare, outright, oversight, plight, righteous, sightseeing, slight, sunlight, twilight, upright, weight, weightlifting --- ### ire → /aɪə/ fire, wire, tire, hire, admire, require, acquire, aspire, attire, conspire, dire, empire, entire, expire, inspire, ire, liar, mire, perspire, pirate, prior, retire, satire, sire, spire, squire, transpire, umpire, vampire, wildfire --- ### oar → /ɔː/ board, roar, soar, coarse, aboard, airborne, boardroom, boardwalk, boar, hoard, oar, onboard, overboard, roar, seaboard, soapboard, soar, uproar --- ### oor → /ɔː/ /ʊə/ **/ɔː/** door, floor, indoor, outdoor, doorway, doormat, doorstep, flooring, floorboard, doorbell, doorknob, doorman, doormat, doorstep, doorway, floorboard, floored, flooring, indoor, outdoor **/ʊə/** poor, moor, boor, spoor, poorhouse, poorly, moorhen, moorland, moorish --- ### ore → /ɔː/ more, sore, core, bore, score, store, shore, before, adore, ashore, bore, chore, core, deplore, explore, fore, gore, ignore, implore, lore, more, ore, pore, restore, score, shore, snore, sore, spore, store, swore, tore, wore, yore --- ### our → /aʊə/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/ **/aʊə/** hour, flour, sour, devour, hourglass, hourly, lour, scour, sourdough, sourly, sourness **/ɔː/** four, pour, course, court, fourth, resource, source, discourse, enforce, force, forth, mourn, pour, recourse, reinforce, resource, source, sport, support, your **/ɜː/** journey, journal, adjourn, courtesy, journal, journalist, journey, mourn, scourge, sojourn, tournament --- ### ure → /ʊə/ /jʊə/ sure, pure, cure, secure, endure, mature, assure, brochure, capture, censure, conjure, culture, demure, ensure, figure, fixture, fracture, gesture, immature, insure, leisure, manicure, measure, nature, nurture, obscure, pleasure, posture, pressure, procedure, procure, puncture, reassure, secure, signature, structure, suture, temperature, tenure, torture, treasure, venture --- ## 三、R控制的元音组合 ### ar → /ɑː/ /ɔː/ **/ɑː/** car, star, far, park, dark, farm, arm, art, card, hard, large, market, start, smart, garden, alarm, arc, arch, ark, army, barn, bark, bar, cart, chart, charm, dart, depart, disarm, discard, embark, farce, garb, guard, harm, harp, jar, lark, mar, march, marsh, par, parch, pardon, part, scar, scarf, shark, sharp, spark, star, starch, stark, tar, target, yard **/ɔː/**（w后） war, warm, warn, ward, toward, award, reward, swarm, dwarf, thwart, warm, warmth, warning, warp, warrant, warrior, warship, wart, wary, wharf --- ### er → /ɜː/ her, term, verb, serve, person, certain, perfect, perhaps, alert, assert, berth, certify, clerk, concert, concern, convert, desert, dessert, diverge, emerge, exert, expert, fern, germ, herd, infer, insert, inter, invert, jerk, merge, nerve, observe, permit, persist, pertain, refer, reserve, revert, sermon, serpent, server, sterling, stern, swerve, tern, terrace, terrain, terrible, terror, thermal, universe, verse, versus, vertebra, vertex, vertical, very --- ### ir → /ɜː/ bird, girl, first, third, shirt, skirt, dirty, birth, circle, firm, affirm, birch, birdbath, birthday, chirp, confirm, dirge, dirt, flirt, gird, girder, girlhood, girlie, infrared, mirth, quirk, shirt, sir, sirloin, smirk, squirm, stir, stirrup, swirl, third, thirst, thirty, twirl, virtue, whirl --- ### or → /ɔː/ /ɜː/ **/ɔː/** for, or, more, store, born, corn, horse, north, sport, short, sort, storm, morning, order, absorb, accord, afford, anchor, border, boring, chord, cord, cork, corner, corpse, cortex, distort, dorm, endorse, enforce, fork, form, fort, forth, fortune, forward, gorge, horn, horror, import, lord, major, mortal, normal, orbit, organ, orphan, porch, pork, port, portal, portion, portrait, resort, scorn, scorch, score, snort, sort, sport, stork, storm, story, sword, sworn, thorn, torch, torn, tortoise, uniform, worn **/ɜː/**（w后） work, word, world, worm, worse, worst, worth, worship, worker, workshop, worldly, wormhole, worry, worsen, worthless, worthwhile, worthy, wordplay, workload, workout, workplace, worksheet, workstation --- ### ur → /ɜː/ turn, burn, hurt, church, nurse, purple, curtain, turtle, Thursday, surprise, absurd, blur, blurt, bur, burden, burglar, burial, burlap, burly, burn, burnt, burp, burr, burst, churn, concur, curb, curl, curse, curt, curve, disturb, durian, during, endurance, fur, furlong, furnace, furnish, furniture, further, fury, guru, hurdle, hurl, hurry, incur, injure, injury, juror, jury, lure, murky, murmur, murder, nurse, nursery, occurrence, parchment, perfume, persuade, plural, poor, pure, pursue, purple, purpose, purse, pursue, purr, pursuit, recur, return, rural, sculpture, secure, slur, spurn, spur, sturdy, surf, surge, surgery, surplus, surrender, surround, survey, survival, survive, survivor, turban, turbine, turbo, turbulent, turf, turkey, turmoil, turnip, turnover, turret, turtle, unhurt, urban, urge, urgent, urine, urn, usurp --- ## 四、Magic E 模式（元音 + 辅音 + e） ### a_e → /eɪ/ cake, name, make, late, gate, plane, snake, plate, skate, flame, ace, age, ape, ate, bake, base, blade, blame, brace, brake, cage, cane, cape, case, cave, chase, crate, crave, daze, drake, drape, fake, fate, gave, glaze, grace, grape, grave, haze, haste, hate, jade, kale, lake, lane, late, male, mane, mate, nave, pace, pale, pane, paste, plate, rake, rape, rate, rave, safe, sage, sake, sale, same, sane, save, scale, scrape, shade, shake, shale, shame, shape, shave, slate, slave, snake, space, spade, stage, stale, state, stake, stove, tale, tame, tape, trace, trade, vase, wake, wave, whale, wraith ### e_e → /iː/ these, theme, complete, scene, delete, extreme, athlete, breathe, concede, compete, concrete, Crete, eve, gene, glebe, grebe, greve, here, impede, interfere, meme, mete, obese, precede, recede, scene, scheme, serene, severe, sneeze, stereo, Steve, supreme, swede, theme, these, trapeze, trireme, tweed ### i_e → /aɪ/ like, time, bike, five, nine, smile, white, drive, slide, kite, abide, alive, aside, bite, bride, brine, chime, crime, dine, dive, drive, file, fine, fire, five, glide, grime, hike, hive, ice, idle, ignite, incline, invite, kite, lice, life, lime, line, live, mice, mile, mine, nice, nine, pile, pine, pipe, pride, prime, prize, quite, rice, ride, ripe, rise, rite, shine, shrine, side, site, size, slice, slime, smile, snide, spine, spite, stripe, strive, swipe, tide, tile, time, tire, tribe, trite, twice, unite, vice, vine, while, white, wide, wife, wine, wipe, wise, write ### o_e → /əʊ/ home, hope, note, bone, stone, phone, smoke, broke, close, drove, alone, awoke, bone, choke, chose, clone, close, code, coke, cone, cope, core, cove, croak, crock, crone, dote, doze, drone, froze, globe, grope, hole, home, hone, hope, joke, lone, lobe, lope, mode, mole, mope, node, nose, note, ode, ozone, poke, pole, pope, pose, probe, prone, prose, quote, robe, rode, role, rope, rose, rote, scope, shone, slope, smoke, sole, some, spoke, stole, stone, stove, strobe, strode, stroke, throne, tone, tote, trope, vole, vote, woke, whole, wrote, yoke ### u_e → /uː/ /juː/ **/uː/** rule, June, flute, rude, plume, prune, brute, chute, crude, duke, flume, fuse, glue, jute, lute, mule, muse, mute, prude, rude, rule, rune, salute, spruce, truce, tube, tune, volume **/juː/** cute, cube, use, huge, mute, tune, abuse, amuse, compute, confuse, consume, cube, cucumber, cute, dispute, distribute, duke, excuse, execute, fume, fuse, huge, immune, induce, juice, mule, muse, mute, perfume, presume, produce, profile, pursue, refuse, repute, resume, salute, substitute, suffuse, tribute, tune, unite, use, useful, useless, usual, utensil, utility, utilize --- ## 五、单个元音字母的基本发音 ### A | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------| | /æ/ | cat, bat, hat, map, bag, fan, man, pan, rat, sat, bad, dad, fat, gap, ham, jam, lap, mat, nap, pad, rag, sap, tab, van, wax | | /eɪ/ | cake, name, make, late, gate, plane, snake, plate, skate, flame, ace, age, ape, bake, base, blade, blame, brace, brake, cage, cane, cape, case, cave, chase, crate, crave, daze, drake, drape, fake, fate, gave, glaze, grace, grape, grave, haze, haste, hate, jade, kale, lake, lane, late, male, mane, mate, nave, pace, pale, pane, paste, plate, rake, rape, rate, rave, safe, sage, sake, sale, same, sane, save, scale, scrape, shade, shake, shale, shame, shape, shave, slate, slave, snake, space, spade, stage, stale, state, stake, stove, tale, tame, tape, trace, trade, vase, wake, wave, whale, wraith | | /ɑː/ | father, car, star, far, park, dark, farm, arm, art, card, hard, large, market, start, smart, garden, alarm, arc, arch, ark, army, barn, bark, bar, cart, chart, charm, dart, depart, disarm, discard, embark, farce, garb, guard, harm, harp, jar, lark, mar, march, marsh, par, parch, pardon, part, scar, scarf, shark, sharp, spark, star, starch, stark, tar, target, yard | | /ɒ/ | what, want, watch, wash, wallet, wander, swamp, swan, quality, quantity, quarrel, squash, squat | | /ɔː/ | all, ball, call, fall, hall, tall, wall, small, stall, war, warm, warn, ward, toward, award, reward, swarm, dwarf | | /ə/ | about, above, ago, alone, banana, Canada, around, alike, alive, allow, among, apart, arise, asleep, away, balloon, camera, china, sofa, umbrella | ### E | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------| | /e/ | bed, red, get, let, set, pen, ten, men, hen, den, bell, tell, well, fell, shell, smell, spell, best, rest, test, nest, vest, west, chest, crest, dress, press, stress, bless, chess, guess, mess, less, yes | | /iː/ | he, she, we, me, be, see, tree, bee, green, sleep, feet, meet, week, street, sweet, deep, keep, need, queen, speed, beet, bleed, breed, cheek, creek, deed, deem, feed, flee, fleet, free, freeze, greed, greet, heel, jeep, keen, knee, leek, meek, need, peek, peel, reef, reel, screen, seed, seek, sheep, sleek, sleeve, speech, steel, steep, sweep, teeth, three, tweet, wheel | | /ɜː/ | her, term, verb, serve, person, certain, perfect, perhaps, alert, assert, berth, certify, clerk, concert, concern, convert, desert, dessert, diverge, emerge, exert, expert, fern, germ, herd, infer, insert, inter, invert, jerk, merge, nerve, observe, permit, persist, pertain, refer, reserve, revert, sermon, serpent, server, sterling, stern, swerve, tern, terrace, terrain, terrible, terror, thermal, universe, verse, versus, vertebra, vertex, vertical, very | | /ɪ/ | English, England, enjoy, engage, enlarge, enrich, enlist, ensure, entail, enter, entire, entitle, entrance, envelope, environment, episode, equal, equipment, equivalent, era, erase, erect, erosion, error, erupt, escape, escort, especially, essay, essence, essential, establish, estate, estimate, eternal, ethnic, evacuate, evaluate, evaporate, even, event, eventual, ever, every, evidence, evident, evil, evoke, evolution, evolve, exact, exaggerate, examine, example, exceed, excel, except, excess, exchange, excite, exclude, excuse, execute, exercise, exert, exhaust, exhibit, exist, exit, expand, expect, expedition, expel, expend, expense, experiment, expert, explain, explode, exploit, explore, export, expose, express, extend, extent, external, extinct, extra, extract, extraordinary, extreme | | /ə/ | open, taken, children, different, elephant, oven, seven, eleven, heaven, kitchen, chicken, broken, chosen, driven, fallen, given, hidden, kitten, linen, maiden, mitten, often, proven, risen, rotten, shaken, stolen, swollen, token, woven | ### I | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------| | /ɪ/ | sit, bit, hit, fit, pit, kit, lit, mit, nit, wit, big, dig, fig, gig, jig, pig, rig, wig, bin, din, fin, gin, hin, kin, pin, sin, tin, win, bid, did, hid, kid, lid, rid, bill, dill, fill, gill, hill, kill, mill, pill, sill, till, will, brim, grim, prim, trim, clip, flip, grip, hip, lip, nip, rip, sip, tip, zip, brick, chick, click, crick, flick, kick, lick, nick, pick, quick, sick, tick, wick, dish, fish, wish, kiss, miss, bliss, hiss, list, fist, mist, twist, wrist | | /aɪ/ | like, time, bike, five, nine, smile, white, drive, slide, kite, abide, alive, aside, bite, bride, brine, chime, crime, dine, dive, drive, file, fine, fire, five, glide, grime, hike, hive, ice, idle, ignite, incline, invite, kite, lice, life, lime, line, live, mice, mile, mine, nice, nine, pile, pine, pipe, pride, prime, prize, quite, rice, ride, ripe, rise, rite, shine, shrine, side, site, size, slice, slime, smile, snide, spine, spite, stripe, strive, swipe, tide, tile, time, tire, tribe, trite, twice, unite, vice, vine, while, white, wide, wife, wine, wipe, wise, write | | /iː/ | machine, magazine, marine, police, routine, sardine, cuisine, gasoline, limousine, mandarin, margarine, nicotine, quarantine, ravine, saline, submarine, tambourine, tangerine, trampoline, vaccine | | /ɜː/ | bird, girl, first, third, shirt, skirt, dirty, birth, circle, firm, affirm, birch, birdbath, birthday, chirp, confirm, dirge, dirt, flirt, gird, girder, girlhood, girlie, infrared, mirth, quirk, shirt, sir, sirloin, smirk, squirm, stir, stirrup, swirl, third, thirst, thirty, twirl, virtue, whirl | | /ə/ | pencil, family, possible, animal, holiday, basil, cabin, cousin, devil, evil, fossil, gerbil, lentil, nostril, pencil, peril, pistol, pupil, squirrel, stencil, tonsil, utensil, vigil, virile, volatile | ### O | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------| | /ɒ/ | hot, pot, cot, dot, got, lot, not, rot, tot, box, fox, ox, pox, vox, cop, hop, lop, mop, pop, sop, top, bob, cob, dob, fob, gob, hob, job, lob, mob, rob, sob, bog, cog, dog, fog, hog, jog, log, clog, frog, blog, smog, con, don, gon, hon, non, pon, son, ton, won, bond, fond, pond, blond, frond, beyond | | /əʊ/ | go, no, so, home, hope, note, bone, stone, phone, smoke, broke, close, drove, alone, awoke, bone, choke, chose, clone, close, code, coke, cone, cope, core, cove, croak, crock, crone, dote, doze, drone, froze, globe, grope, hole, home, hone, hope, joke, lone, lobe, lope, mode, mole, mope, node, nose, note, ode, ozone, poke, pole, pope, pose, probe, prone, prose, quote, robe, rode, role, rope, rose, rote, scope, shone, slope, smoke, sole, some, spoke, stole, stone, stove, strobe, strode, stroke, throne, tone, tote, trope, vole, vote, woke, whole, wrote, yoke | | /ʌ/ | come, some, done, none, once, love, dove, glove, shove, above, cover, oven, govern, honey, money, monkey, Monday, month, mother, nothing, other, another, brother, color, comfort, company, compass, among, front, ton, won, wonder, worry | | /ɔː/ | for, or, more, store, born, corn, horse, north, sport, short, sort, storm, morning, order, absorb, accord, afford, anchor, border, boring, chord, cord, cork, corner, corpse, cortex, distort, dorm, endorse, enforce, fork, form, fort, forth, fortune, forward, gorge, horn, horror, import, lord, major, mortal, normal, orbit, organ, orphan, porch, pork, port, portal, portion, portrait, resort, scorn, scorch, score, snort, sort, sport, stork, storm, story, sword, sworn, thorn, torch, torn, tortoise, uniform, worn | | /uː/ | to, do, who, move, prove, lose, whose, tomb, womb, canoe, shoe, two, into, onto, improve, movement, removal, approval, disprove, reprove | | /ə/ | today, together, computer, polite, collection, command, commit, common, compose, conduct, confess, confirm, conform, connect, consent, consist, consult, contain, contend, contest, contract, contrast, control, converse, convict, correct, corrupt, tomato, potato, volcano, tornado, mosquito, piano, radio, studio, patio, ratio, scenario | ### U | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------| | /ʌ/ | cup, up, pup, sup, bus, us, plus, thus, cut, hut, nut, rut, but, gut, putt, bud, dud, mud, stud, thud, bug, dug, hug, jug, lug, mug, pug, rug, tug, bum, gum, hum, mum, rum, sum, bun, fun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, buck, duck, luck, muck, puck, suck, tuck, buff, cuff, huff, muff, puff, ruff, bluff, fluff, gruff, snuff, stuff, bulk, hulk, sulk, bulb, cult, gulf, mulch, pulse | | /uː/ | rule, June, flute, rude, plume, prune, brute, chute, crude, duke, flume, fuse, glue, jute, lute, mule, muse, mute, prude, rude, rule, rune, salute, spruce, truce, tube, tune, volume, blue, glue, true, clue, flu, sue, due, blues, bruise, cruise, flue, glue, gruesome, rue, slue, sue, true, undue | | /ʊ/ | put, push, pull, full, bull, bush, cushion, pudding, bullet, bulletin, bullion, bullish, bulldog, bulldozer, bullfight, bullfrog, bullhorn, bullseye, bullshit, bully, bulrush, pulpit, pulley, pushchair, pushover, pushy, pussyfoot, pussycat | | /ɜː/ | turn, burn, hurt, church, nurse, purple, curtain, turtle, Thursday, surprise, absurd, blur, blurt, bur, burden, burglar, burial, burlap, burly, burn, burnt, burp, burr, burst, churn, concur, curb, curl, curse, curt, curve, disturb, durian, during, endurance, fur, furlong, furnace, furnish, furniture, further, fury, guru, hurdle, hurl, hurry, incur, injure, injury, juror, jury, lure, murky, murmur, murder, nurse, nursery, occurrence, parchment, perfume, persuade, plural, poor, pure, pursue, purple, purpose, purse, pursue, purr, pursuit, recur, return, rural, sculpture, secure, slur, spurn, spur, sturdy, surf, surge, surgery, surplus, surrender, surround, survey, survival, survive, survivor, turban, turbine, turbo, turbulent, turf, turkey, turmoil, turnip, turnover, turret, turtle, unhurt, urban, urge, urgent, urine, urn, usurp | | /juː/ | cute, cube, use, huge, mute, tune, abuse, amuse, compute, confuse, consume, cube, cucumber, cute, dispute, distribute, duke, excuse, execute, fume, fuse, huge, immune, induce, juice, mule, muse, mute, perfume, presume, produce, profile, pursue, refuse, repute, resume, salute, substitute, suffuse, tribute, tune, unite, use, useful, useless, usual, utensil, utility, utilize | | /ə/ | circus, upon, focus, minus, cactus, bonus, campus, census, consensus, corpus, crocus, cumulus, discus, fungus, genius, hiatus, humerus, impetus, incubus, innocuous, locus, lupus, mucus, nucleus, octopus, opus, platypus, prospectus, radius, rebus, rhombus, ruckus, rumpus, sinus, status, stimulus, stylus, succubus, syllabus, terminus, thymus, tonus, tremulous, tumulus, uterus, virus, walrus | --- ## 六、y 作元音 | 位置 | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------|------| | 单音节结尾 | /aɪ/ | sky, fly, cry, dry, shy, spy, my, by, why, try, fry, ply, pry, sly, spry, thy, wry, ally, apply, awry, comply, deny, imply, rely, reply, supply, untie | | 多音节结尾 | /i/ | happy, funny, sunny, baby, lady, candy, story, family, city, puppy, bunny, berry, cherry, dairy, fairy, furry, jelly, messy, penny, angry, busy, carry, chilly, cloudy, cozy, crazy, dirty, dizzy, drowsy, dusty, early, easy, empty, fancy, filthy, floppy, fluffy, friendly, frosty, fuzzy, gloomy, glossy, greedy, guilty, hairy, handy, hardy, hasty, healthy, hearty, heavy, holy, homely, hungry, husky, icy, itchy, juicy, kindly, lazy, leafy, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, lucky, lumpy, mighty, misty, muddy, nasty, naughty, needy, nervy, noisy, nutty, oily, ordinary, pasty, peppy, petty, picky, pitchy, pity, plenty, plucky, plummy, plumy, pointy, poky, polly, poppy, pretty, prickly, primpy, pudgy, puffy, puny, puppy, purply, pushy, queasy, quirky, rainy, rally, randy, raspy, ready, rocky, roomy, rosy, rusty, sandy, saucy, scaly, scary, scratchy, screwy, shabby, shaky, shaly, shandy, shapely, shifty, shiny, shoddy, showy, shrimpy, shrilly, shrubby, shrunken, shuddery, shushy, shyly, sickly, silky, silly, skimpy, skinny, sleepy, sleety, slimy, slippery, sloppy, sloshy, sludgy, slushy, smelly, smoggy, smoky, smoothy, smudgy, smutty, snappy, snarly, snazzy, sneaky, snidey, sniffling, snobby, snoopy, snooty, snorty, snotty, snowy, snuggly, soapy, sooty, soppy, sorry, soupy, sparkly, sparry, speedy, spicy, spiffy, spiky, spinal, spirity, splashy, splintery, spongy, spoony, sporty, spotty, sprightly, springy, spritely, spryly, spumy, spunky, squalid, squashy, squeaky, squelchy, squirmy, stable, stagy, staidly, stalky, starchy, starry, stately, steady, steamy, steely, steeply, steevy, stemmy, stenchy, sticky, stiffly, stilly, stingy, stinky, stocky, stodgy, stolid, stony, stormy, stoutly, straggly, straightly, strained, straitly, strange, strapping, streaky, streamy, stretchy, strict, strident, stringy, stripy, strong, stroppy, structural, stubborn, stubby, stuck, studious, stuffy, stumpy, stupid, sturdy, stylish, suave, subdued, sublime, submissive, substantial, subtle, successful, succinct, succulent, such, sudden, suffering, sufficient, sugary, suitable, sullen, summery, sumptuous, sunlit, sunny, super, superb, supple, supportive, supreme, sure, surly, surprised, surprising, sustainable, swanky, sweaty, sweeping, sweet, swift, swimming, swirly, swollen, symbolic, sympathetic, symptom, synthetic, systematic | | 中间 | /ɪ/ | gym, myth, system, symbol, mystery, typical, cylinder, crystal, cryptic, cymbal, cynic, cyst, dyslexia, dystopia, glyph, gymnast, gymnastics, gypsum, hysterical, labyrinth, lyric, myriad, nymph, pyramid, rhythm, syllable, symmetry, symphony, symptom, syndicate, syndrome, synonym, syntax, syringe, tyranny, tyrant | --- ## 七、特殊位置影响的元音发音 ### wa → /wɒ/ → /wɔː/ **/wɒ/** want, wash, watch, wallet, wander, swamp, swan, swallow, swaddle, swagger, swank, swap, swat, swatch, swath, squat, squad, squash, squabble, squalid, squander, quantify, qualify, quality, quantity, quarrel, quarry, quadrant, quad, quagmire, quake, quaver, quaff **/wɔː/** water, warm, warn, ward, towards, award, reward, swarm, dwarf, thwart, warble, warden, wardrobe, warehouse, warfare, warlock, warlord, warm, warmth, warning, warp, warrant, warrior, warship, wart, wary, wharf, quarter, quartz, quart, quarantine, quarterfinal, quarterback, quarterly, quartet, quarto, quarts --- ### qua → /kwɒ/ → /kwɔː/ **/kwɒ/** quality, quantity, quarrel, squash, squat, qualm, quadrant, quadruple, quaff, quagmire, quake, qualifier, quantify, quantitative, quantum, quarantine, quarry, quart, quarter, quartet, quartz, quasar, quash, quasi, quaternary, quatrain, quaver, quay, queasy, queen, queer, quell, quench, query, quest, question, queue, quibble, quick, quiet, quilt, quintessence, quintet, quip, quirk, quit, quite, quiver, quiz, quorum, quota, quote, quotidian, quotient **/kwɔː/** quarter, quartz, quart, quarantine, quarterfinal, quarterback, quarterly, quartet, quarto, quarts, quartile, quartation, quarterdeck, quartermaster, quartersawn, quarterstaff, quartette, quartile, quarto, quarts, quartzite, quasher, quashing, quaternion, quatorze, quatrain, quattrocento --- ### ind → /aɪnd/ kind, find, mind, blind, wind（动词）, grind, behind, bind, blindfold, blindsided, blindsight, grindstone, hind, humankind, india, indigo, kindhearted, kindred, mankind, mastermind, mindless, mindful, remind, rewind, unbind, unkind, unwind, windmill, windpipe, windshield, windstorm, windward --- ### ild → /aɪld/ child, mild, wild, beguiled, bewilder, childbearing, childbirth, childhood, childish, childless, childlike, children, mild-mannered, mildew, mildly, mildness, wilderness, wildfire, wildflower, wildfowl, wildlife, wildly, wildness, wildcard, wildcat, wildcatter, wildebeest, wilderness, wildfire, wildflower, wildfowl, wildlife, wildling, wildly, wildness, wildwood --- ### ost → /əʊst/ most, post, host, ghost, coast, roast, toast, boast, coast, coaster, coastline, cost, ghostly, ghostwriter, host, hostel, hostile, hostler, imposter, most, mostly, postage, postal, postbox, postcard, poster, postman, postmark, postpone, postscript, roast, roaster, toast, toaster, utmost, west --- ### old → /əʊld/ old, cold, hold, gold, sold, told, fold, mold, behold, bold, boldly, boldness, cold-blooded, coldly, coldness, enfold, folder, folding, foldout, foothold, goldfish, goldmine, goldsmith, handheld, holdall, holder, holding, holdout, holdover, household, infold, manifold, marigold, moldy, old-fashioned, olden, older, oldest, oldie, outsold, oversold, resold, scaffold, scold, silversmith, smolder, sold, solder, soldier, stronghold, threshold, told, twofold, unfold, uphold, upholder, withold --- ### all → /ɔːl/ all, ball, call, fall, hall, tall, wall, small, stall, baseball, basketball, ballroom, ballyhoo, baseball, basketball, bellhop, billboard, blackball, callous, caller, calligraphy, calling, callous, callow, downfall, eyeball, fallacious, fallout, fallow, football, gall, gallant, gallery, galley, gallon, gallop, gallows, hall, hallway, hallmark, hallowed, hallucinate, install, installation, installment, mall, overall, pall, palladium, pallbearer, pallet, palliate, palliative, pallid, pallor, recall, rollout, scallop, snowfall, softball, stall, stallion, tall, tallboy, tallow, volleyball, wall, wallaby, wallet, wallflower, wallop, wallow, wallpaper, walnut --- ### 元音 + ll 的影响 **ell → /el/** bell, sell, tell, well, fell, shell, smell, spell, cell, dell, dwell, farewell, gel, hell, jell, knell, mell, nell, quell, swell, yell, bellhop, bellow, bellow, belly, cello, cellular, cellulose, dell, dwell, dwelling, elfin, elicit, elite, ellipsis, elliptical, elm, eloquent, else, emerald, emerge, emergency, emery, eminent, emit, emollient, emotion, emperor, emphatic, empire, empirical, employ, empower, emulate, enable, enact, enamel, enchant, encircle, enclose, encounter, encourage, encroach, endanger, endear, endeavor, endemic, ending, endless, endorse, endure, enemy, energetic, energy, enforce, engage, engine, engrave, enhance, enjoy, enlarge, enlighten, enlist, enmesh, enormity, enormous, enough, enquire, enrich, enroll, ensemble, ensign, enslave, ensure, entail, entangle, enter, enterprise, entertain, enthrall, enthusiasm, entice, entire, entitle, entity, entrance, entrap, entreat, entry, entwine, enumerate, envelope, enviable, envious, environment, envisage, envision, envoy, envy, enzyme **ill → /ɪl/** ill, bill, fill, hill, kill, mill, pill, sill, will, chill, dill, drill, fillet, filling, gill, grill, hillock, hillside, hilltop, ill-bred, illegal, illegible, illegitimate, illicit, illiterate, illness, illogical, illuminate, illusion, illustrate, image, imaginary, imagination, imaginative, imagine, imbecile, imitate, immaculate, immaterial, immature, immediate, immense, immerse, immigrant, imminent, immobile, immoral, immortal, immune, impact, impair, impartial, impatient, impeccable, impediment, impending, imperative, imperfect, imperial, impersonal, impertinent, impervious, impetus, implant, implement, implicate, implicit, implode, imply, import, impose, impossible, impotent, impoverish, impractical, impress, imprint, imprison, improbable, improper, improve, improvise, impulse, impunity, impurity, impute, inability, inaccessible, inaccurate, inadequate, inadvertent, inanimate, inappropriate, incapable, incessant, incest, inch, incidence, incident, incidental, incinerate, incipient, incision, incisive, incisor, incite, inclination, incline, include, inclusive, income, incoming, incomparable, incompatible, incompetent, incomplete, incomprehensible, inconceivable, incongruous, inconsequential, inconsistent, inconspicuous, inconvenient, incorporate, incorrect, increase, incredible, increment, incriminate, incubate, incumbent, incur, incurable, indebted, indecent, indecision, indecisive, indeed, indefinite, indelible, independent, index, indicate, indication, indicative, indict, indifferent, indigenous, indigent, indignation, indirect, indispensable, individual, indivisible, indoctrinate, indolent, indoor, induce, indulge, industrial, industry, ineffective, inefficient, ineligible, inept, inequality, inert, inevitable, inexact, inexcusable, inexpensive, inexplicable, infallible, infamous, infancy, infant, infantry, infect, inference, inferior, inferno, infertile, infest, infinite, infirm, inflame, inflatable, inflation, inflection, inflexible, inflict, influence, influential, influx, inform, informal, information, infrared, infrastructure, infrequent, infringe, infuriate, infuse, ingenious, ingenuity, ingest, ingrained, ingredient, inhabit, inhaler, inherent, inherit, inhibit, inhuman, initial, initiate, initiative, inject, injunction, injure, injury, injustice, ink, inland, inlet, inmate, inn, innate, inner, innocent, innovation, innovative, innumerable, input, inquiry, inquisitive, insane, inscription, insensible, insensitive, inseparable, insert, inset, inside, insight, insignificant, insincere, insist, insolent, insomnia, inspect, inspiration, inspire, install, instance, instant, instead, instigate, instinct, institute, institution, instruct, instrument, insufficient, insult, insurance, intact, intake, integral, integrate, integrity, intellect, intelligent, intend, intense, intent, interact, intercept, interchange, intercom, interconnect, intercourse, interest, interface, interfere, interim, interior, interject, interlude, intermediate, intern, internal, international, internet, interpret, interrogate, interrupt, intersect, interstate, interval, intervene, interview, intimate, intimidate, into, intolerant, intonation, intoxicate, intricate, intrigue, intrinsic, introduce, introspect, intrude, intuition, inundate, invade, invalid, invaluable, invasion, inventive, inventory, inverse, invert, invest, investigate, investment, invisible, invitation, invoke, involuntary, involve, inward **oll → /ɒl/ /əʊl/** **/ɒl/** doll, dollop, folly, holly, lolly, moll, polly, collarbone, college, collide, collie, collier, collision, colloid, colloquial, collusion, dolly, follicle, follow, follower, following, folly, holly, hologram, holster, lollipop, lolly, mollify, mollusk, monopoly, pollen, poly, polyester, polymer, polynomial, polyp, polysemy, polystyrene, polytechnic, polytheism, troll, trolley, volume, voluminous, voluntary, volunteer, voluptuous **/əʊl/** roll, toll, poll, stroll, bolt, colt, dolt, jolt, molt, volt, bolster, colter, molten, roller, rolling, rollout, scroll, stroller, swollen, tollbooth, tollgate, volt, voltage, voltaic, voltmeter, voluble **ull → /ʌl/** dull, gull, hull, null, skull, cull, lull, mull, scull, sullen, sullied, bulky, culminate, culpable, culprit, cultivate, culture, culvert, difficult, difficulty, dullard, dullness, dull-witted, gullet, gullible, gulp, hullabaloo, hullo, lullaby, lulling, mulberry, mullah, mullet, mulligan, mullion, multicolored, multicultural, multifarious, multilateral, multilingual, multimedia, multiple, multiplex, multiplication, multiplicity, multiply, multitude, nullify, nullity, nullset, scullery, scullion, skullcap, skulled, sulk, sulky, sullen, sullenly, sullied, sulphur, sultana, sultanate, sultry, ulterior, ultimate, ultimatum, ultra, ultraviolet, ululate, umbilical, umbrella, umpire, unable, unacceptable, unaccompanied, unaccountable, unaffected, unaided, unalterable, unambiguous, unanimous, unannounced, unanswerable, unanticipated, unappealing, unapproachable, unarmed, unashamed, unasked, unassailable, unassuming, unattached, unattended, unattractive, unauthorized, unavailable, unavoidable, unaware, unbalanced, unbearable, unbecoming, unbelieving, unbiased, unblemished, unborn, unbounded, unbreakable, unbridled, unbroken, uncalled, uncanny, unceasing, uncertain, unchallenged, unchanged, uncharacteristic, unchecked, uncivilized, unclear, uncomfortable, uncommon, uncompromising, unconcerned, unconditional, unconfirmed, unconscious, unconstitutional, uncontrolled, unconventional, unconvinced, uncooked, uncooperative, uncoordinated, uncouth, uncover, undamaged, undaunted, undecided, undeniable, under, undergo, undergraduate, underground, underline, undermine, underneath, understand, undertake, underwater, underwear, undeserved, undesirable, undeterred, undeveloped, undisciplined, undiscovered, undisputed, undisturbed, undo, undocumented, undone, undoubted, undue, undulate, unearth, uneasy, unemployed, uneven, unexpected, unfailing, unfair, unfaithful, unfamiliar, unfashionable, unfavorable, unfeeling, unfinished, unfit, unflagging, unflappable, unflinching, unfold, unforeseen, unforgettable, unfortunate, unfounded, unfriendly, unfruitful, ungainly, ungenerous, ungodly, ungracious, ungrateful, unguarded, unhappy, unhealthy, unheard, unhelpful, unhinged, unholy, unhurt, unidentified, unification, uniform, unilateral, unimaginable, unimpaired, unimpeachable, unimportant, uninformed, uninhabited, uninspired, unintelligent, unintentional, uninterested, uninterrupted, uninvited, union, unique, unison, unit, unite, unity, universal, universe, university, unjust, unkempt, unkind, unknown, unlawful, unleaded, unless, unlike, unlikely, unlimited, unlisted, unload, unlock, unlucky, unnatural, unnecessary, unnoticed, unobtainable, unofficial, unopened, unorthodox, unpack, unpaid, unpleasant, unpopular, unprecedented, unpredictable, unprepared, unproductive, unprofessional, unprofitable, unpromising, unprotected, unproven, unpublished, unqualified, unquestionable, unravel, unreal, unreasonable, unrecognizable, unregulated, unrelated, unreliable, unremarkable, unremitting, unrepeatable, unrepentant, unrequited, unreserved, unresolved, unresponsive, unrest, unrestricted, unrewarding, unruly, unsafe, unsatisfactory, unsatisfied, unsavory, unscathed, unscheduled, unscientific, unscripted, unscrupulous, unseasonable, unseat, unsecured, unseemly, unseen, unselfish, unsettled, unshakable, unsigned, unsightly, unskilled, unsociable, unsolicited, unsolved, unsophisticated, unsound, unspeakable, unspecified, unspoiled, unspoken, unstable, unstated, unsteady, unstoppable, unsuccessful, unsuitable, unsupported, unsure, unsurpassed, unsurprising, unsustainable, unsympathetic, untamed, untapped, untenable, unthinkable, untidy, untie, until, untimely, untiring, unto, untold, untouched, untrained, untried, untrue, unused, unusual, unveiled, unwanted, unwarranted, unwelcome, unwell, unwilling, unwind, unwise, unworthy, unwritten, unyielding, up, upcoming, update, upgrade, upheaval, uphold, uphill, uphold, upkeep, uplift, upon, upper, upright, uprising, uproar, upset, upside, upstairs, upstart, upstream, uptake, upturn, upward, urban, urge, urgent, urine, urn, usage, use, used, useful, useless, user, usual, usually, usurp, utensil, utility, utilize, utmost, utter, utterance, utterly, uttermost, uvula --- ### 元音 + ng **ang → /æŋ/** sang, rang, bang, gang, hang, pang, slang, bang, bangle, bang, clang, fang, gangplank, gangrene, gangster, hangar, hanger, hanging, hangman, hangnail, hangout, hangover, lang, languid, languish, languor, mangle, mangled, mango, mangrove, pangolin, rangeland, ranger, ranging, slangy, sprang, strang, strangle, strangulate, tang, tangle, tangled, tango, twang, yang, zang **ing → /ɪŋ/** sing, ring, king, thing, wing, spring, string, swing, bring, cling, ding, fling, ping, sling, sting, wring, zing, bingo, bling, bowling, bringing, ceiling, clingy, crying, dancing, daring, dinghy, dining, driving, dying, eating, evening, exciting, existing, feeling, filing, flying, following, freezing, frying, going, growing, hiring, hoping, housing, icing, including, interesting, inviting, joking, kidding, laughing, leading, leaving, liking, living, looking, loving, making, marketing, meeting, mining, missing, mixing, moving, naming, needing, nursing, opening, painting, parking, passing, picking, planning, playing, pleasing, pointing, posing, pouring, printing, pulling, pushing, racing, raining, reaching, reading, recording, renting, resting, riding, ringing, rising, risking, roasting, rocking, rolling, ruling, running, rushing, sailing, saving, saying, screaming, searching, seating, selling, sending, serving, setting, shaking, sharing, shooting, shopping, showing, singing, sitting, sleeping, sliding, smoking, speaking, spending, spinning, standing, starting, staying, stealing, stepping, sticking, stopping, storing, striking, studying, sucking, suffering, surfing, surprising, swallowing, sweating, sweeping, swimming, swinging, taking, talking, tasting, teaching, telling, thinking, throwing, ticking, timing, tipping, touring, trading, training, traveling, treating, trying, turning, typing, understanding, using, visiting, waiting, waking, walking, wanting, warming, warning, washing, watching, watering, wearing, weaving, wedding, weighing, welcoming, wheeling, whispering, willing, winning, wishing, wondering, working, worrying, wrapping, writing, yielding, zoning **ong → /ɒŋ/** song, long, strong, wrong, along, belong, among, bong, dong, gong, Hong Kong, kong, longbow, longer, longest, longhair, longing, longitude, longshore, longshot, longterm, longways, mongrel, oblong, pong, prolong, prong, songbird, songbook, songstress, strongbox, stronger, strongest, stronghold, strongman, strongroom, thong, tong, tongs, wrongdoer, wrongdoing, wrongful, wrongly **ung → /ʌŋ/** sung, hung, rung, lung, tongue, young, bungalow, bungee, bungle, clung, dung, flung, fungus, hung, hungover, hunger, hungry, jung, jungle, lung, lungfish, lungful, pungent, rung, slung, sprung, strung, stung, swung, tongue, tongued, tongueless, tongue-tied, tung, tungsten, tunic, young, younger, youngest, youngster --- ### 元音 + nk **ank → /æŋk/** bank, tank, sank, drank, thank, blank, plank, ankle, bankbook, banker, banking, bankrupt, banks, blanket, blanch, blankly, blankness, bran, branch, brand, brandy, crank, cranky, dank, drank, flank, frank, frankly, frankness, gangplank, hank, hanker, hanky, lank, lanky, plank, prank, prankster, rank, rankle, rankness, sank, shank, shrank, spank, spanking, stank, swank, swanky, tank, tankard, tanker, thank, thankful, thankfully, thankless, thanks, thanksgiving, yank, Yankee **ink → /ɪŋk/** pink, sink, drink, think, link, wink, blink, brink, chink, clink, drink, drinkable, drinker, drinking, fink, ink, inkblot, inkling, inky, kink, kinky, link, linkage, linker, linking, mink, pink, pinkie, pinkish, plink, prink, rink, shrink, shrinkage, shrinking, sink, sinker, sinking, slink, slinky, stink, stinker, stinking, stinkweed, think, thinker, thinking, thinks, twinkle, twinkling, wink, winker, winking, wrinkle, wrinkled, wrinkly **onk → /ɒŋk/** honk, bonk, conk, donkey, honker, honking, bonkers, conk, conked, conking, zonk, zonked **unk → /ʌŋk/** junk, sunk, trunk, drunk, chunk, bunk, bunker, bunkum, chunk, chunky, clunk, clunker, clunky, drunk, drunkard, drunken, flunk, flunky, funk, funky, hunk, hunky, junk, junket, junkie, junkyard, lunk, plunk, punk, skunk, slunk, spunk, spunky, stunk, sunk, sunken, thunk, trunk, trunks, trunky --- ### 元音 + ss **ass → /ɑːs/** class, glass, grass, pass, mass, brass, ass, bass, brass, brassiere, brassy, bypass, cassava, cassette, class, classic, classical, classification, classify, classroom, compass, crevasse, embass, embarrass, embassy, glass, glassware, glassy, grasshopper, grassland, grassy, harass, harassment, lass, lasso, mass, massacre, massage, massive, mast, master, masterpiece, mastery, pass, passage, passenger, passerby, passion, passive, passport, surpass, trespass, underpass **ess → /es/** less, dress, press, stress, bless, chess, guess, mess, access, actress, address, aggress, assess, asset, attest, bless, blessed, blessing, cesspool, chess, compress, confess, congress, compress, depress, digest, digress, distress, dress, dresser, dressing, egress, empress, excess, express, finesse, fortress, guess, guest, impress, ingress, largesse, less, lessen, lesser, mattress, mess, message, messenger, messy, necklace, nevertheless, obsess, oppress, possess, press, pressure, princess, process, profess, progress, protest, recess, redress, regress, repress, request,ress, restless, suppress, tessellate, testament, tester, testify, testimony, tress, trespass, tresses, unless, wellness, witness, yes **iss → /ɪs/** miss, kiss, bliss, hiss, Swiss, abyss, amiss, bliss, blissful, blissfully, chrysalis, dismiss, dismissal, hiss, hissing, kiss, kissable, kissing, miss, missile, missing, mission, missionary, Mississippi, Missouri, mist, mistake, mister, mistress, misty, remiss, reminisce, remission, submit, submission, submissive, Swiss, tissue, triss, viss **oss → /ɒs/** boss, loss, cross, toss, gloss, moss, across, albatross, boss, bossy, broccoli, colossal, cross, crossbow, crossing, crossover, crossroads, crossword, doss, dossier, dross, emboss, engross, floss, flossy, gloss, glossary, glossy, gossamer, gossip, gross, grossly, joss, lacrosse, loss, moss, mossy, possum, pross, toss, tossing **uss → /ʌs/** fuss, muss, truss, bus, plus, thus, abacus, bonus, brush, bushel, bustle, circus, cuss, discuss, discussion, fuss, fussy, gusset, gust, gusto, hustle, lotus, lust, lustrous, muss, mussel, must, mustard, muster, nucleus, octopus, plus, puss, pussy, rascal, robust, ruckus, rumpus, rust, rustic, rustle, thrust, truss, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty, tusks, us, use, useful, useless, usual, usurer, usury --- ## 八、弱读元音 /ə/（Schwa） | 字母 | 位置 | 示例 | |------|------|------| | a | 非重读音节 | about, above, ago, alone, banana, Canada, around, alike, alive, allow, among, apart, arise, asleep, away, balloon, camera, china, sofa, umbrella, vanilla, zebra, extra, soda, pizza, pasta, yoga, visa, drama, opera, aroma, coma, diploma, enigma, formula, gorilla, guerrilla, iguana, influenza, insomnia, koala, llama, malaria, panorama, propaganda, samba, sonata, stanza, tiara, trauma, tuna, utopia, villa | | e | 非重读音节 | open, taken, children, different, elephant, oven, seven, eleven, heaven, kitchen, chicken, broken, chosen, driven, fallen, given, hidden, kitten, linen, maiden, mitten, often, proven, risen, rotten, shaken, stolen, swollen, token, woven, happen, garden, golden, listen, often, sudden, widen, wooden, woolen | | i | 非重读音节 | pencil, family, possible, animal, holiday, basil, cabin, cousin, devil, evil, fossil, gerbil, lentil, nostril, pencil, peril, pistol, pupil, squirrel, stencil, tonsil, utensil, vigil, virile, volatile, edible, credible, eligible, flexible, horrible, impossible, incredible, invisible, legible, plausible, possible, responsible, sensible, terrible, visible | | o | 非重读音节 | today, together, computer, polite, collection, command, commit, common, compose, conduct, confess, confirm, conform, connect, consent, consist, consult, contain, contend, contest, contract, contrast, control, converse, convict, correct, corrupt, tomato, potato, volcano, tornado, mosquito, piano, radio, studio, patio, ratio, scenario, hero, zero, photo, auto, demo, memo, info, intro, metro, neo, polio, stereo, tattoo, tempo, video | | u | 非重读音节 | circus, upon, focus, minus, cactus, bonus, campus, census, consensus, corpus, crocus, cumulus, discus, fungus, genius, hiatus, humerus, impetus, incubus, innocuous, locus, lupus, mucus, nucleus, octopus, opus, platypus, prospectus, radius, rebus, rhombus, ruckus, rumpus, sinus, status, stimulus, stylus, succubus, syllabus, terminus, thymus, tonus, tremulous, tumulus, uterus, virus, walrus | --- ## 九、外来词中的元音组合 | 组合 | 来源 | 发音 | 示例 | |------|------|------|------| | ae | 拉丁语 | /iː/ | aesthetic, encyclopaedia, anaesthetic, aeon, aegis, aeroplane, aerosol, archaeology, archaeologist, archaic, archipelago, bacteria, caecilian, caesarean, caesium, coelacanth, daemon, faeces, gynaecology, haemoglobin, haemorrhage, leukaemia, mediaeval, nematode, orthopaedic, paean, paediatric, palaeontology, praetor, praetorian, prima facie, reggae, septicaemia, subpoena, vertebrae | | eau | 法语 | /əʊ/ | beau, plateau, bureau, tableau, chateau, gateau, rondeau, trousseau, bandeau, bateau, berceau, Bordeaux, bouleau, bureau, cadeau, chalumeau, chapeau, château, couteau, creneau, faisceau, flambeau, fougereau, gateau, jabot, jamboree, jardiniere, laisse, lambeau, landau, manteau, morceau, mousseau, niveau, nouveau, plateau, portmanteau, rondeau, roseau, rouleau, tableau, tonneau, trumeau, vaudeville, virelay, volet, voleur, voyageur | | oe | 拉丁语 | /iː/ | oestrogen, foetus, amoeba, oedema, oenology, oesophagus, oestrogen, ohm, onomatopoeia, phoenix, subpoena, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, homoeopathy, manoeuvre, oedipal, oenophile, oestradiol, oestrogen, oestrone, oestrus, phoebe, roentgen, subpoena, zoetrope | --- ## 十、不发音元音相关规则 ### 不发音的 e | 位置 | 作用 | 示例 | |------|------|------| | 词尾 | 前面元音变长音 | cake, like, home, cute, these, make, name, time, bike, five, nine, smile, white, drive, slide, kite, hope, note, bone, stone, phone, smoke, broke, close, drove, rule, June, flute, rude, plume, prune, brute, chute, crude, duke, flume, fuse, glue, jute, lute, mule, muse, mute, prude, rude, rule, rune, salute, spruce, truce, tube, tune, volume, cute, cube, use, huge, mute, tune, abuse, amuse, compute, confuse, consume, cube, cucumber, cute, dispute, distribute, duke, excuse, execute, fume, fuse, huge, immune, induce, juice, mule, muse, mute, perfume, presume, produce, profile, pursue, refuse, repute, resume, salute, substitute, suffuse, tribute, tune, unite, use, useful, useless, usual, utensil, utility, utilize | | 词尾 | 前面c/s变软 | face, ice, page, cage, large, lace, race, space, trace, place, grace, price, prince, since, once, bounce, chance, dance, fence, hence, ounce, pounce, prince, since, trance, advance, balance, entrance, glance, lance, romance, enhance, finance, insurance, nuisance, ambulance, alliance, appliance, clearance, defiance, fragrance, grievance, ignorance, importance, inheritance, maintenance, ordinance, performance, perseverance, reliance, resistance, substance, surveillance, tolerance, vengeance | | 词尾 | 避免以v/u结尾 | have, give, live, love, blue, true, above, active, aggressive, alive, approve, arrive, believe, brave, captive, cave, conserve, curve, derive, dive, dove, drive, five, forgive, glove, grave, grove, have, hive, improve, involve, leave, live, love, move, naive, native, negative, observe, olive, passive, positive, preserve, prove, receive, remove, resolve, save, serve, shove, sieve, slave, solve, starve, strive, survive, valve, wave, weave, wive | ### 不发音的 u | 位置 | 示例 | |------|------| | gu后 | guess, guest, guide, guitar, guard, guarantee, guava, gubernatorial, guerrilla, guess, guest, guidance, guide, guideline, guild, guile, guilt, guilty, guise, guitar, gulag, gulch, gulf, gull, gullet, gullible, gully, gulp, gum, gun, gunk, gunner, gurgle, gush, gust, gusto, gut, gutter, guy, guzzle, penguin, sanguine, anguish, distinguish, extinguish, languish, linguist, penguin, sanguine | | qu后读/k/ | unique, technique, antique, queue, mosque, boutique, cheque, clique, critique, grotesque, oblique, physique, pique, plaque, picturesque, piquant, pique, risqué, technique, torque, unique, veranda, visqueux | | 其他 | build, biscuit, circuit, disguise, guilty, guild, guilt, guinea, guise, guitar, quilt, squid, equip, liquid, quick, quit, quite, quiz, biscuit, circuit, building, built, guild, guilt, guinea, guise, guitar, quilt, squid, equip, liquid, quick, quit, quite, quiz | ### 不发音的 gh | 位置 | 示例 | |------|------| | igh中 | light, night, high, fight, right, bright, flight, might, sight, tight, blight, brighten, delight, enlighten, flight, fright, height, highlight, highway, insight, knight, lighthouse, lightning, midnight, moonlight, nightfall, nightmare, outright, oversight, plight, righteous, sightseeing, slight, sunlight, twilight, upright, weight, weightlifting | | ough中 | though, although, dough, thorough, through, borough, bough, bought, brought, cough, doughnut, drought, enough, fought, furlough, hiccough, lough, nought, ought, plough, rough, sought, thorough, though, thought, through, throughout, tough, trough, wrought | | augh中 | caught, taught, daughter, naughty, slaughter, aught, caught, distraught, fraught, haughty, laughter, naught, naughty, onslaught, slaughter, taught, taunt, vaunt, haunch, launch, staunch, haughty, naughty, slaughter | | eigh中 | eight, weight, neighbor, freight, sleigh, weigh, beige, deign, feign, heinous, neigh, neighborly, reindeer, skein, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh, weightless, eight, eighteen, eighth, eighty, freight, freightage, freighter, height, heigh-ho, heinous, neigh, neighbor, neighborhood, neighborly, overnight, overweight, reign, rein, reindeer, skein, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh, weight, weightless, weightlifter, weightlifting, weighty |
七宇轩远
2026年10月21日
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