英语学习
幼儿英语自然拼读与发音规则教学指导手册
附录：拼音声调引导法
附录：调值的概念
附录：英语音标 /j/ ≠ 拼音 j
附录：/v/ 发音教学：两种引导路径
元音教学：拼音迁移法
附录：英语辅音发音对照表
附录：英语元音字母组合完整对照表
附录：英语元音发音与对应字母组合对照表
标准英语音标：48个
/θ/ 和 /ð/ 发音规则
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附录：英语辅音发音对照表
## 第一部分：按音标维度整理 按发音查对应字母，适合"听到一个音想知道怎么写"的场景。 ### 第一层：直接可用的辅音（14个） #### /b/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | b | 开头 | bed, bike, big, bus, bat, bag, box, boy, book, bird, ball, blue, bear, best, back, baby, bone, bite, burn, bell, belt, bill, bark, bank, base | | b | 中间 | rabbit, robot, cabin, habit, about, above, number, member, public, problem, subject, object, observe, obtain, abandon, ability, absolute, absorb, abundant, cabinet | | b | 结尾 | web, job, club, tub, grab, rub, cab, lab, rob, sob, sub, mob, hub, rib, cob, blob, snob, crib, slab, scrub | | bb | 中间 | bubble, ribbon, cabbage, hobby, rubber, rabbit, pebble, stubby, hobble, wobble, dabble, dribble, scribble | #### /p/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | p | 开头 | pig, pipe, pen, pot, park, pet, pan, pin, pop, pat, pup, pond, pink, push, pull, pack, pick, pass, past, path, peak, poor, pour, post, paint | | p | 中间 | apple, happy, open, super, paper, people, simple, copy, topic, rapid, pupil, napkin, captain, campus, carpet, depart, expand, expect, explore, respect | | p | 结尾 | cup, map, stop, sleep, hop, tap, lip, top, cap, deep, keep, help, step, drop, crop, shop, skip, slip, snap, trap, grip, clip, flap, wrap, stamp | | pp | 中间 | apple, happy, puppy, supper, copper, pepper, upper, appear, supply, suppose, support, oppose, opposite, approve, approach, disappear | #### /m/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | m | 开头 | map, make, man, milk, moon, mat, mug, men, miss, meet, mouse, mouth, much, must, most, more, move, mind, main, mark, mask, mass, match, meal, mean | | m | 中间 | summer, camel, lemon, animal, woman, family, remember, imagine, among, common, moment, human, limit, memory, metal, model, modern, mountain, museum, number | | m | 结尾 | jam, swim, team, room, him, them, arm, farm, warm, same, name, time, from, form, game, home, seem, term, film, storm, stream, dream, cream, steam, foam | | mm | 中间 | summer, hammer, comment, common, mammal, comma, immense, immune, recommend, immediate, communicate | #### /f/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | f | 开头 | fox, fine, fish, foot, four, fat, fun, fan, fit, fog, fall, fast, face, fact, fair, fake, fame, farm, fear, feed, feel, fence, fight, fill, final | | f | 中间 | coffee, after, before, careful, often, office, effort, comfort, defend, prefer, affect, afford, afraid, define, differ, effect, offer, suffer, surface, perfect | | f | 结尾 | leaf, roof, chief, half, if, off, beef, wolf, shelf, thief, proof, belief, self, staff, stuff, cliff, sniff, puff, bluff, fluff, muff, cuff, buff | | ff | 结尾 | cliff, sniff, puff, stuff, stiff, bluff, fluff, muff, cuff, buff, gruff, scuff, snuff | | ph | 开头 | phone, photo, phrase, phase, physics, physical, phantom, pharmacy, philosopher, phenomenon | | ph | 中间 | elephant, dolphin, alphabet, nephew, orphan, prophet, triumph, pamphlet, emphasis, atmosphere | #### /d/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | d | 开头 | dog, date, duck, door, day, dig, dad, did, dot, dip, dust, dark, down, deep, deer, desk, dirt, dish, dock, doll, dome, dose, dove, drag, drip | | d | 中间 | ladder, medal, hidden, garden, under, order, window, candy, body, ready, study, sudden, leader, reader, rider, shadow, shoulder, spider, wonder, wooden | | d | 结尾 | bed, red, good, hand, old, find, kind, word, bird, food, need, read, and, end, ground, sound, round, field, build, child, friend, blood, flood, stand, wind | | dd | 中间 | ladder, muddy, daddy, middle, sudden, paddle, saddle, buddy, rudder, fodder, shudder, toddler | | ed | 元音/浊辅音后 | played, called, lived, opened, closed, turned, moved, loved, used, raised, filled, seemed, stayed, showed, tried, cried, dried, carried, studied, enjoyed | #### /t/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | t | 开头 | top, time, ten, two, table, tall, take, tell, talk, turn, tree, train, trip, true, test, tool, tooth, taste, tape, tire, tile, tide, tune, tube, type | | t | 中间 | butter, city, water, little, better, letter, matter, battle, bottle, cotton, pattern, cattle, pretty, kettle, settle, mutter, bitter, latter, litter, scatter | | t | 结尾 | cat, hat, boat, night, hot, get, put, but, not, out, eat, light, foot, seat, meat, beat, coat, goat, float, flight, bright, tight, right, sight, weight | | tt | 中间 | butter, bottle, kitten, pretty, little, attic, attend, attack, attempt, attitude, attract, button, cotton, glitter, gutter | | ed | 清辅音后 | stopped, looked, watched, kissed, asked, helped, worked, missed, fixed, washed, cooked, walked, talked, laughed, jumped, kicked, packed, passed, picked, pushed | #### /n/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | n | 开头 | net, note, nose, nine, name, no, new, now, near, never, nice, next, neck, nest, nail, neat, need, nerve, night, noon, north, nurse, nut, noise, navy | | n | 中间 | dinner, many, under, finish, into, only, until, another, between, animal, minute, planet, money, honey, funny, sunny, runner, winner, tunnel, connect | | n | 结尾 | pen, sun, run, green, in, on, an, can, man, ten, than, then, been, seen, soon, moon, noon, spoon, stone, bone, cone, phone, alone, done, gone | | nn | 中间 | dinner, funny, sunny, running, winner, tunnel, connect, announce, annual, inner, innocent, banner, manner, planner, tennis | | kn | 开头 | knee, knife, know, knock, knot, knit, kneel, knew, knight, knob, knack, knead, knelt, knickers, knitting | #### /l/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | l | 开头 | leg, lake, light, look, like, let, late, land, last, left, life, line, long, lot, low, lift, list, live, lose, lost, love, luck, lunch, lamp, laugh | | l | 中间 | yellow, follow, color, police, alone, along, alive, belong, believe, collect, village, million, always, almost, already, also, although, else, silver, silly | | l | 结尾 | ball, tell, will, hill, school, all, well, ill, pull, full, cool, feel, fall, call, small, tall, wall, bell, sell, smell, spell, still, doll, roll, hole | | ll | 结尾 | ball, call, small, full, tall, fall, wall, bell, sell, smell, spell, still, doll, roll, hall, hell, pill, mill, chill, drill, grill, skill, spill, thrill | #### /g/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | g | 开头 | gap, gate, goat, game, girl, go, got, give, glad, glass, grass, green, gold, golf, good, goose, grain, grand, grave, great, guess, guest, guide, gun, gust | | g | 中间 | tiger, finger, hungry, sugar, again, begin, together, longer, anger, signal, ignore, regular, argue, organize, program, progress, language, recognize, figure, eager | | g | 结尾 | egg, big, bag, frog, flag, dog, log, leg, hug, mug, pig, rug, bug, dug, fig, jog, lag, peg, plug, rag, rig, tag, tug, wag, wig | | gg | 中间 | egg, juggle, giggle, struggle, wiggle, trigger, dagger, stagger, smuggle, snuggle, straggle, wriggle | #### /k/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | k | 开头 | kit, kite, key, king, kind, kid, kill, kiss, keep, kick, keen, known, keen, kept, kernel, kettle, kilo, kindergarten, kingdom, kitchen, knee, knife, knock, knot, know | | k | 结尾 | book, look, week, milk, cook, take, make, like, cake, bake, lake, wake, break, speak, steak, weak, leak, peak, seek, shake, snake, smoke, strike, woke, broke | | c | 开头 | cat, cup, car, cold, come, can, cut, cow, card, camp, clean, climb, class, close, club, coast, code, coin, cook, corn, cost, count, court, cover, crab | | c | 中间 | music, picnic, second, across, become, record, circle, uncle, anchor, bicycle, calendar, cancel, capture, decorate, electric, escape, excellent, exercise, October, picture | | c | 结尾 | music, picnic, traffic, comic, panic, plastic, terrific, dynamic, electronic, fantastic, mechanic, microscopic, optimistic, realistic, romantic | | ck | 结尾 | back, duck, clock, black, pack, pick, sick, luck, rock, lock, stick, block, brick, chick, click, crack, deck, kick, lick, neck, pack, peck, quick, shock, snack | | ch | 开头 | school, Christmas, character, chorus, chrome, chemistry, chaos, stomach, ache, anchor, architect, archive, mechanic, orchestra, technology | #### /h/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | h | 开头 | hat, home, hot, hand, head, has, had, have, here, hear, help, hope, half, hang, hard, hate, heal, heap, heart, heat, heavy, hello, hide, hill, hit | | wh | 开头（少数） | who, whole, whom, whose | #### /s/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | s | 开头 | sit, safe, sun, six, sea, see, so, say, set, sad, sand, send, salt, same, sand, save, seed, seek, sell, side, silk, sing, sip, soap, sock | | s | 中间 | basket, insect, person, also, answer, inside, beside, absent, classic, lesson, basic, costume, discuss, distance, history, hospital, listen, mistake, obstacle, personal | | s | 结尾 | bus, gas, this, class, us, yes, his, has, was, does, goes, says, pass, less, miss, boss, loss, cross, press, dress | | ss | 中间 | lesson, missing, possible, passage, message, massive, passive, passion, classic, essence, express, issue, lesson, mission, possess | | ss | 结尾 | glass, grass, pass, kiss, miss, boss, loss, cross, less, press, dress, stress, fuss, gross, toss, bless, chess, class, guess, mess | | c | e/i/y前 | city, cent, cycle, face, ice, nice, rice, mice, dance, fence, pencil, circle, center, cereal, certain, cinema, citizen, decide, decimal, December | #### /w/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | w | 开头 | wet, wide, window, water, well, we, was, want, walk, wait, way, word, west, warm, wash, waste, watch, wave, wax, weak, wear, weed, week, weigh, west | | wh | 开头 | what, when, where, white, why, which, while, wheel, whale, wheat | #### /j/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | y | 开头 | yes, yoke, yak, yard, year, you, your, yet, yell, young, yield, yoga, yam, yarn, yawn, yeast, yolk, youth, yummy | | i | 中间（少数） | onion, million, opinion, familiar, convenient, brilliant, behavior, companion | --- ### 第二层：需要微调的辅音（5个） #### /r/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | r | 开头 | red, ride, run, rain, road, rat, rag, rip, rock, rest, rich, right, race, rack, radio, rail, ranch, range, rare, rate, raw, reach, real, rear, rent | | r | 中间 | carrot, forest, parent, story, every, very, around, arrive, correct, borrow, sorry, worry, carry, marry, narrow, arrow, barren, barrier, career, charity | | r | 结尾 | star, car, door, four, more, far, for, her, or, near, clear, dear, bear, fear, hear, tear, year, air, hair, pair, fair, chair, floor, poor, tour | | rr | 中间 | carrot, mirror, sorry, hurry, borrow, arrow, carry, terrible, correct, arrange, barrier, barrel, berry, borrow, burrow, corridor, current, error, horror, irrigate | | wr | 开头 | write, wrong, wrist, wrap, wreck, wrote, written, wrestle, wrinkle, wring, wreath, wrench, wrest, wriggle, wrinkle | #### /dʒ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | j | 开头 | jet, joke, jump, jam, job, just, joy, join, judge, jar, jaw, jog, jail, jacket, jeans, jelly, jewel, jungle, junior, jury | | g | e/i/y前 | page, giant, gym, gem, gentle, magic, engine, imagine, energy, danger, stranger, manager, agent, angel, budget, digest, elegant, emergency, generous, geography | | ge | 结尾 | page, cage, stage, huge, age, rage, wage, charge, change, large, strange, village, bridge, badge, edge, judge, hedge, ledge, ridge, lodge | | dge | 结尾 | bridge, badge, edge, judge, hedge, ledge, ridge, lodge, dodge, smudge, budget, gadget, hedgehog, knowledge, porridge | #### /tʃ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | ch | 开头 | chin, choke, chair, cheese, child, chat, chip, chop, check, chest, chalk, chance, chain, chalk, champ, charm, chart, chase, cheap, cheat, cheek, cheer, cherry, chess, chick | | ch | 结尾 | lunch, bench, march, much, such, touch, teach, reach, beach, peach, coach, speech, branch, bunch, crunch, inch, launch, lunch, porch, punch, ranch, rich, search, torch, watch | | tch | 结尾 | catch, match, watch, kitchen, hatch, patch, batch, fetch, stretch, switch, pitch, ditch, hitch, latch, notch, patch, scratch, sketch, stitch, twitch | | t | ure前 | picture, nature, future, capture, creature, furniture, mixture, adventure, lecture, structure, culture, feature, gesture, moisture, pasture | #### /ʃ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | sh | 开头 | ship, shine, shop, show, shell, shut, shake, shape, share, sharp, short, shall, shade, shaft, shame, shark, shear, sheep, sheet, shelf, shift, shirt, shock, shore, shot | | sh | 结尾 | fish, wish, brush, dish, wash, push, rush, flash, crash, fresh, trash, splash, bush, cash, dash, flesh, flush, harsh, leash, mash, mesh, rash, smash, stash, swish | | ti | 非重读音节 | nation, station, action, patient, attention, direction, condition, information, education, position, question, suggestion, invention, collection, connection, protection | | ci | 非重读音节 | special, social, delicious, official, precious, musician, politician, efficient, sufficient, ancient | #### /z/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | z | 开头 | zip, zoo, zero, zone, zebra, zap, zigzag, zoom, zest, zinc, zipper, zodiac, zombie, zone | | z | 中间 | lazy, crazy, dozen, frozen, wizard, hazard, puzzle, dazzle, drizzle, emerald, horizon, magazine, realize, organize, recognize | | z | 结尾 | buzz, jazz, quiz, size, prize, freeze, breeze, sneeze, squeeze, amaze, blaze, bronze, gaze, haze, maze | | s | 元音间/词尾浊化 | rose, nose, these, is, his, has, was, goes, does, please, easy, busy, music, reason, season, prison, cousin, thousand, result, present, desert, desire, poison, visitor, wisdom | | zz | 中间/结尾 | buzz, fuzzy, puzzle, dizzy, jazz, nozzle, muzzle, sizzle, drizzle, frazzle, guzzle, nuzzle | --- ### 第三层：拼音里没有的辅音（9个） #### /θ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | th | 开头 | think, three, thank, thin, throw, thumb, thick, thread, throat, throne, thrill, threat, theft, theme, thigh, thorn, thrash, thrive, throb, through | | th | 中间 | nothing, something, birthday, anything, everything, healthy, method, author, athlete, pathway, cathedral, enthusiasm, mathematics, sympathy, synthetic | | th | 结尾 | bath, path, mouth, tooth, both, earth, north, south, truth, breath, death, faith, cloth, math, myth, fourth, length, strength, width, depth | #### /ð/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | th | 开头（功能词） | this, that, these, those, the, there, their, them, they, than, then, though, thus, thence, therefore, thereby, therein, thereof, thereto, therewith | | th | 中间 | mother, father, brother, weather, feather, leather, gather, together, either, neither, other, another, whether, rather, further, northern, southern, worthy, clothing, bathing | | th | 结尾（功能词） | with, smooth, breathe, clothe, soothe, teethe, writhe, bathe, seethe, loathe | #### /ŋ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | ng | 结尾 | sing, long, king, thing, morning, ring, wing, song, strong, young, along, among, bring, during, evening, feeling, meaning, meeting, morning, nothing, running, spring, string, swing, writing | | n | k/g前 | pink, bank, sink, drink, angry, hungry, monkey, donkey, blanket, uncle, ankle, jungle, think, thank, link, wink, tank, rank, sang, rang, bang, gang, hang, pang, slang | #### /v/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | v | 开头 | van, vote, very, visit, voice, vase, vast, view, vine, vowel, value, village, valley, vanish, vehicle, venture, version, veteran, victim, victory, video, village, violent, visible, vision | | v | 中间 | seven, river, heavy, travel, over, ever, even, every, cover, leave, live, move, avoid, believe, clever, develop, divide, event, favorite, government, invest, involve, level, novel, private | | v | 结尾 | five, love, give, have, live, save, wave, brave, cave, dive, drive, glove, above, active, arrive, believe, carve, curve, deserve, improve, observe, receive, serve, solve, starve | #### /ʒ/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | s | ure中 | pleasure, measure, treasure, leisure, closure, exposure, seizure, composure, enclosure, erasure | | si | 非重读音节 | vision, division, television, revision, invasion, explosion, decision, collision, confusion, conclusion, illusion, provision, supervision | | ge | 借词结尾 | garage, massage, beige, barrage, corsage, mirage, prestige, sabotage, camouflage, entourage | #### /tr/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | tr | 开头 | tree, train, trip, truck, true, try, track, trap, treat, trick, trust, trade, trail, train, trait, trash, travel, tray, tread, treasure, treat, treaty, trend, trial, tribe | #### /dr/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | dr | 开头 | dream, dress, drop, drink, drive, draw, drag, drip, drum, drain, draft, dragon, drama, drastic, drawer, dread, drift, drill, drown, drug, drunk, dryer, drizzle, droop, drone | #### /ts/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | ts | 结尾 | cats, pets, hats, boats, lights, lots, gets, puts, hits, sits, fits, cuts, bats, bits, boots, coats, dots, eats, fruits, gates, goats, hurts, jets, kits, lets | | tes | 结尾 | gates, notes, dates, kites, plates, states, mates, rates, bites, writes, invites, creates, celebrates, completes, competes, debates, dictates, estimates, hesitates, imitates | #### /dz/ | 字母 | 位置 | 示例单词 | |------|------|----------| | ds | 结尾 | hands, beds, words, friends, birds, heads, cards, fields, sounds, grounds, stands, winds, bands, bends, bonds, brands, builds, clouds, commands, ends, finds, funds, guards, holds, lands | | des | 结尾 | rides, codes, sides, hides, slides, guides, trades, shades, blades, spades, divides, decides, provides, includes, excludes, invades, persuades, precedes, proceeds, succeeds | --- ## 第二部分：按字母维度整理 按字母查对应发音，适合"看到一个字母想知道怎么读"的场景。包含不发音规则。 ### A | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| A本身是元音字母，不单独作辅音发音。在辅音表中无条目。 --- ### B | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | b | /b/ | 开头 | bed, bike, big, bus, bat, bag, box, boy, book, bird, ball, blue, bear, best, back, baby, bone, bite, burn, bell, belt, bill, bark, bank, base | | b | /b/ | 中间 | rabbit, robot, cabin, habit, about, above, number, member, public, problem, subject, object, observe, obtain, abandon, ability, absolute, absorb, abundant, cabinet | | b | /b/ | 结尾 | web, job, club, tub, grab, rub, cab, lab, rob, sob, sub, mob, hub, rib, cob, blob, snob, crib, slab, scrub | | bb | /b/ | 中间 | bubble, ribbon, cabbage, hobby, rubber, rabbit, pebble, stubby, hobble, wobble, dabble, dribble, scribble | | **b** | **不发音** | **mb结尾** | **climb, comb, thumb, lamb, tomb, bomb, dumb, numb, limb, crumb, plumber** | | **b** | **不发音** | **bt结尾** | **debt, doubt, subtle** | --- ### C | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | c | /k/ | a/o/u/辅音前 | cat, cup, car, cold, come, can, cut, cow, card, camp, clean, climb, class, close, club, coast, code, coin, cook, corn, cost, count, court, cover, crab | | c | /k/ | 中间 | music, picnic, second, across, become, record, circle, uncle, anchor, bicycle, calendar, cancel, capture, decorate, electric, escape, excellent, exercise, October, picture | | c | /k/ | 结尾 | music, picnic, traffic, comic, panic, plastic, terrific, dynamic, electronic, fantastic, mechanic, microscopic, optimistic, realistic, romantic | | c | /s/ | e/i/y前 | city, cent, cycle, face, ice, nice, rice, mice, dance, fence, pencil, circle, center, cereal, certain, cinema, citizen, decide, decimal, December | | cc | /k/ | 一般 | account, accuse, occur, according, occupy, accurate, accommodate | | cc | /ks/ | e/i前 | success, accent, accept, access, accident, eccentric | | ck | /k/ | 结尾 | back, duck, clock, black, pack, pick, sick, luck, rock, lock, stick, block, brick, chick, click, crack, deck, kick, lick, neck, pack, peck, quick, shock, snack | | ch | /tʃ/ | 一般 | chin, choke, chair, cheese, child, chat, chip, chop, check, chest, chalk, chance, chain, champ, charm, chart, chase, cheap, cheat, cheek, cheer, cherry, chess, chick | | ch | /k/ | 希腊语源 | school, Christmas, character, chorus, chrome, chemistry, chaos, stomach, ache, anchor, architect, archive, mechanic, orchestra, technology | | **c** | **不发音** | **sc开头** | **scene, scent, science, scissors** | --- ### D | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | d | /d/ | 开头 | dog, date, duck, door, day, dig, dad, did, dot, dip, dust, dark, down, deep, deer, desk, dirt, dish, dock, doll, dome, dose, dove, drag, drip | | d | /d/ | 中间 | ladder, medal, hidden, garden, under, order, window, candy, body, ready, study, sudden, leader, reader, rider, shadow, shoulder, spider, wonder, wooden | | d | /d/ | 结尾 | bed, red, good, hand, old, find, kind, word, bird, food, need, read, and, end, ground, sound, round, field, build, child, friend, blood, flood, stand, wind | | dd | /d/ | 中间 | ladder, muddy, daddy, middle, sudden, paddle, saddle, buddy, rudder, fodder, shudder, toddler | | ed | /d/ | 元音/浊辅音后 | played, called, lived, opened, closed, turned, moved, loved, used, raised, filled, seemed, stayed, showed, tried, cried, dried, carried, studied, enjoyed | | ed | /t/ | 清辅音后 | stopped, looked, watched, kissed, asked, helped, worked, missed, fixed, washed, cooked, walked, talked, laughed, jumped, kicked, packed, passed, picked, pushed | | ed | /ɪd/ | t/d后 | wanted, needed, started, ended, waited, added, landed, folded, handed, melted, painted, planted, pointed, rested, rounded, sounded, tended, tested, trusted, visited | | **d** | **不发音** | **某些词中** | **handsome, handkerchief, Wednesday, adjust, adjective, adjacent** | --- ### E | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| E本身是元音字母，不单独作辅音发音。在辅音表中无条目。 --- ### F | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | f | /f/ | 开头 | fox, fine, fish, foot, four, fat, fun, fan, fit, fog, fall, fast, face, fact, fair, fake, fame, farm, fear, feed, feel, fence, fight, fill, final | | f | /f/ | 中间 | coffee, after, before, careful, often, office, effort, comfort, defend, prefer, affect, afford, afraid, define, differ, effect, offer, suffer, surface, perfect | | f | /f/ | 结尾 | leaf, roof, chief, half, if, off, beef, wolf, shelf, thief, proof, belief, self, staff, stuff, cliff, sniff, puff, bluff, fluff, muff, cuff, buff | | ff | /f/ | 结尾 | cliff, sniff, puff, stuff, stiff, bluff, fluff, muff, cuff, buff, gruff, scuff, snuff | | ph | /f/ | 开头/中间 | phone, photo, phrase, phase, physics, physical, phantom, pharmacy, elephant, dolphin, alphabet, nephew, orphan, prophet, triumph, pamphlet, emphasis, atmosphere | --- ### G | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | g | /g/ | a/o/u/辅音前 | gap, gate, goat, game, girl, go, got, give, glad, glass, grass, green, gold, golf, good, goose, grain, grand, grave, great, guess, guest, guide, gun, gust | | g | /g/ | 中间 | tiger, finger, hungry, sugar, again, begin, together, longer, anger, signal, ignore, regular, argue, organize, program, progress, language, recognize, figure, eager | | g | /g/ | 结尾 | egg, big, bag, frog, flag, dog, log, leg, hug, mug, pig, rug, bug, dug, fig, jog, lag, peg, plug, rag, rig, tag, tug, wag, wig | | g | /dʒ/ | e/i/y前 | page, giant, gym, gem, gentle, magic, engine, imagine, energy, danger, stranger, manager, agent, angel, budget, digest, elegant, emergency, generous, geography | | gg | /g/ | 中间 | egg, juggle, giggle, struggle, wiggle, trigger, dagger, stagger, smuggle, snuggle, straggle, wriggle | | gh | /f/ | 少数词 | laugh, enough, tough, rough, cough, trough | | **g** | **不发音** | **gn开头** | **gnat, gnaw, gnome** | | **g** | **不发音** | **gn结尾** | **sign, design, resign, align, paradigm, diaphragm** | | **gh** | **不发音** | **igh/ough中** | **light, night, high, thought, bought, caught, fight, might, right, sight, tight, weight, eight** | --- ### H | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | h | /h/ | 开头 | hat, home, hot, hand, head, has, had, have, here, hear, help, hope, half, hang, hard, hate, heal, heap, heart, heat, heavy, hello, hide, hill, hit | | **h** | **不发音** | **gh中** | **light, night, high, thought, bought, caught, fight, might, right, sight, tight, weight, eight** | | **h** | **不发音** | **wh中（多数）** | **what, when, where, white, why, which, while, wheel, whale, wheat** | | **h** | **不发音** | **rh开头** | **rhyme, rhythm, rhino** | | **h** | **不发音** | **某些词开头** | **hour, honest, honor, heir** | | **h** | **不发音** | **exh后** | **exhaust, exhibit, exhilarate** | --- ### I | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| I本身是元音字母。在辅音表中，i在少数词中发/j/： | i | /j/ | 中间（少数） | onion, million, opinion, familiar, convenient, brilliant, behavior, companion | --- ### J | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | j | /dʒ/ | 开头 | jet, joke, jump, jam, job, just, joy, join, judge, jar, jaw, jog, jail, jacket, jeans, jelly, jewel, jungle, junior, jury | | j | /dʒ/ | 中间（少数） | major, project, reject, adjust, enjoy, object, subject, inject, reject, conjure | --- ### K | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | k | /k/ | 开头 | kit, kite, key, king, kind, kid, kill, kiss, keep, kick, keen, known, keen, kept, kernel, kettle, kilo, kindergarten, kingdom, kitchen, knee, knife, knock, knot, know | | k | /k/ | 结尾 | book, look, week, milk, cook, take, make, like, cake, bake, lake, wake, break, speak, steak, weak, leak, peak, seek, shake, snake, smoke, strike, woke, broke | | **k** | **不发音** | **kn开头** | **knee, knife, know, knock, knot, knit, kneel, knew, knight, knob, knack, knead, knelt, knickers, knitting** | --- ### L | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | l | /l/ | 开头 | leg, lake, light, look, like, let, late, land, last, left, life, line, long, lot, low, lift, list, live, lose, lost, love, luck, lunch, lamp, laugh | | l | /l/ | 中间 | yellow, follow, color, police, alone, along, alive, belong, believe, collect, village, million, always, almost, already, also, although, else, silver, silly | | l | /l/ | 结尾 | ball, tell, will, hill, school, all, well, ill, pull, full, cool, feel, fall, call, small, tall, wall, bell, sell, smell, spell, still, doll, roll, hole | | ll | /l/ | 结尾 | ball, call, small, full, tall, fall, wall, bell, sell, smell, spell, still, doll, roll, hall, hell, pill, mill, chill, drill, grill, skill, spill, thrill | | **l** | **不发音** | **alf/alk/alm/olk/ould中** | **half, calf, walk, talk, chalk, calm, palm, folk, yolk, could, would, should, salmon, almond, psalm** | --- ### M | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | m | /m/ | 开头 | map, make, man, milk, moon, mat, mug, men, miss, meet, mouse, mouth, much, must, most, more, move, mind, main, mark, mask, mass, match, meal, mean | | m | /m/ | 中间 | summer, camel, lemon, animal, woman, family, remember, imagine, among, common, moment, human, limit, memory, metal, model, modern, mountain, museum, number | | m | /m/ | 结尾 | jam, swim, team, room, him, them, arm, farm, warm, same, name, time, from, form, game, home, seem, term, film, storm, stream, dream, cream, steam, foam | | mm | /m/ | 中间 | summer, hammer, comment, common, mammal, comma, immense, immune, recommend, immediate, communicate | | **m** | **不发音** | **mn结尾** | **autumn, column, hymn, solemn, condemn** | --- ### N | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | n | /n/ | 开头 | net, note, nose, nine, name, no, new, now, near, never, nice, next, neck, nest, nail, neat, need, nerve, night, noon, north, nurse, nut, noise, navy | | n | /n/ | 中间 | dinner, many, under, finish, into, only, until, another, between, animal, minute, planet, money, honey, funny, sunny, runner, winner, tunnel, connect | | n | /n/ | 结尾 | pen, sun, run, green, in, on, an, can, man, ten, than, then, been, seen, soon, moon, noon, spoon, stone, bone, cone, phone, alone, done, gone | | n | /ŋ/ | k/g前 | pink, bank, sink, drink, angry, hungry, monkey, donkey, blanket, uncle, ankle, jungle, think, thank, link, wink, tank, rank, sang, rang | | nn | /n/ | 中间 | dinner, funny, sunny, running, winner, tunnel, connect, announce, annual, inner, innocent, banner, manner, planner, tennis | | kn | /n/ | 开头 | knee, knife, know, knock, knot, knit, kneel, knew, knight, knob, knack, knead, knelt, knickers, knitting | | **n** | **不发音** | **mn结尾** | **autumn, column, hymn, solemn, condemn** | --- ### O | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| O本身是元音字母，不单独作辅音发音。在辅音表中无条目。 --- ### P | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | p | /p/ | 开头 | pig, pipe, pen, pot, park, pet, pan, pin, pop, pat, pup, pond, pink, push, pull, pack, pick, pass, past, path, peak, poor, pour, post, paint | | p | /p/ | 中间 | apple, happy, open, super, paper, people, simple, copy, topic, rapid, pupil, napkin, captain, campus, carpet, depart, expand, expect, explore, respect | | p | /p/ | 结尾 | cup, map, stop, sleep, hop, tap, lip, top, cap, deep, keep, help, step, drop, crop, shop, skip, slip, snap, trap, grip, clip, flap, wrap, stamp | | pp | /p/ | 中间 | apple, happy, puppy, supper, copper, pepper, upper, appear, supply, suppose, support, oppose, opposite, approve, approach, disappear | | ph | /f/ | 开头/中间 | phone, photo, phrase, phase, physics, physical, phantom, pharmacy, elephant, dolphin, alphabet, nephew, orphan, prophet, triumph, pamphlet, emphasis, atmosphere | | **p** | **不发音** | **pn/ps/pt开头** | **pneumonia, psychology, psalm, receipt, ptarmigan, cupboard, raspberry** | --- ### Q | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | qu | /kw/ | 开头 | queen, quick, quiet, quite, quit, quiz, quote, quarter, question, quilt, quack, quality, quantity, quarrel, quart, quarter, queen, queer, quest, queue, quick, quiet, quit, quite, quiz | | qu | /k/ | 少数词 | unique, technique, antique, queue, grotesque, picturesque | --- ### R | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | r | /r/ | 开头 | red, ride, run, rain, road, rat, rag, rip, rock, rest, rich, right, race, rack, radio, rail, ranch, range, rare, rate, raw, reach, real, rear, rent | | r | /r/ | 中间 | carrot, forest, parent, story, every, very, around, arrive, correct, borrow, sorry, worry, carry, marry, narrow, arrow, barren, barrier, career, charity | | r | /r/ | 结尾（英式不发音） | star, car, door, four, more, far, for, her, or, near, clear, dear, bear, fear, hear, tear, year, air, hair, pair, fair, chair, floor, poor, tour | | rr | /r/ | 中间 | carrot, mirror, sorry, hurry, borrow, arrow, carry, terrible, correct, arrange, barrier, barrel, berry, borrow, burrow, corridor, current, error, horror, irrigate | | wr | /r/ | 开头 | write, wrong, wrist, wrap, wreck, wrote, written, wrestle, wrinkle, wring, wreath, wrench, wrest, wriggle, wrinkle | --- ### S | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | s | /s/ | 开头 | sit, safe, sun, six, sea, see, so, say, set, sad, sand, send, salt, same, sand, save, seed, seek, sell, side, silk, sing, sip, soap, sock | | s | /s/ | 中间（清辅音前） | basket, insect, person, also, answer, inside, beside, absent, classic, lesson, basic, costume, discuss, distance, history, hospital, listen, mistake, obstacle, personal | | s | /s/ | 结尾（清音后） | bus, gas, this, class, us, yes, pass, less, miss, boss, loss, cross, press, dress | | s | /z/ | 元音间 | rose, nose, these, please, easy, busy, music, reason, season, prison, cousin, thousand, result, present, desert, desire, poison, visitor, wisdom | | s | /z/ | 结尾（浊音后） | is, his, has, was, goes, does, trees, dogs, days, boys, girls, friends, words, hands, birds | | s | /ʃ/ | sure/ssion中 | sure, pressure, session, mission, passion, expression, impression, permission | | s | /ʒ/ | ure中 | pleasure, measure, treasure, leisure, closure, exposure, seizure | | ss | /s/ | 中间/结尾 | lesson, missing, possible, glass, grass, pass, kiss, miss, boss, loss, cross, less, press, dress, stress, fuss, gross, toss, bless, chess | | sc | /s/ | e/i前 | scene, scent, science, scissors | | sc | /sk/ | a/o/u/辅音前 | scan, scarf, scope, scream, screen, scrap, scratch, script, scroll | | sh | /ʃ/ | 开头/结尾 | ship, shine, shop, show, shell, shut, shake, shape, share, sharp, short, shall, fish, wish, brush, dish, wash, push, rush, flash, crash, fresh, trash, splash | | **s** | **不发音** | **某些词中** | **island, aisle, debris** | --- ### T | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | t | /t/ | 开头 | top, time, ten, two, table, tall, take, tell, talk, turn, tree, train, trip, true, test, tool, tooth, taste, tape, tire, tile, tide, tune, tube, type | | t | /t/ | 中间 | butter, city, water, little, better, letter, matter, battle, bottle, cotton, pattern, cattle, pretty, kettle, settle, mutter, bitter, latter, litter, scatter | | t | /t/ | 结尾 | cat, hat, boat, night, hot, get, put, but, not, out, eat, light, foot, seat, meat, beat, coat, goat, float, flight, bright, tight, right, sight, weight | | t | /tʃ/ | ure前 | picture, nature, future, capture, creature, furniture, mixture, adventure, lecture, structure, culture, feature, gesture, moisture, pasture | | t | /ʃ/ | ion前 | nation, station, action, attention, direction, condition, education, information, position, question, suggestion, invention, collection, connection, protection | | tt | /t/ | 中间 | butter, bottle, kitten, pretty, little, attic, attend, attack, attempt, attitude, attract, button, cotton, glitter, gutter | | th | /θ/ | 实义词 | think, three, thank, thin, throw, bath, path, mouth, tooth, both, earth, north, south, truth, breath, death, faith, cloth, math, myth | | th | /ð/ | 功能词/中间 | this, that, these, those, the, there, their, them, they, than, then, though, mother, father, brother, weather, feather, leather, gather, together | | tch | /tʃ/ | 结尾 | catch, match, watch, kitchen, hatch, patch, batch, fetch, stretch, switch, pitch, ditch, hitch, latch, notch, patch, scratch, sketch, stitch, twitch | | **t** | **不发音** | **ften/stle中** | **often, listen, castle, whistle, thistle, rustle, bustle, hustle, nestle, wrestle** | | **t** | **不发音** | **某些词中** | **Christmas, soften, mortgage, ballet, buffet, debut** | --- ### U | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| U本身是元音字母，不单独作辅音发音。在辅音表中无条目。 --- ### V | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | v | /v/ | 开头 | van, vote, very, visit, voice, vase, vast, view, vine, vowel, value, village, valley, vanish, vehicle, venture, version, veteran, victim, victory, video, village, violent, visible, vision | | v | /v/ | 中间 | seven, river, heavy, travel, over, ever, even, every, cover, leave, live, move, avoid, believe, clever, develop, divide, event, favorite, government, invest, involve, level, novel, private | | v | /v/ | 结尾 | five, love, give, have, live, save, wave, brave, cave, dive, drive, glove, above, active, arrive, believe, carve, curve, deserve, improve, observe, receive, serve, solve, starve | --- ### W | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | w | /w/ | 开头 | wet, wide, window, water, well, we, was, want, walk, wait, way, word, west, warm, wash, waste, watch, wave, wax, weak, wear, weed, week, weigh, west | | wh | /w/ | 开头 | what, when, where, white, why, which, while, wheel, whale, wheat | | **w** | **不发音** | **wr开头** | **write, wrong, wrist, wrap, wreck, wrote, written, wrestle, wrinkle, wring** | | **w** | **不发音** | **sw中少数词** | **sword, answer** | | **w** | **不发音** | **who中** | **who, whole, whom, whose** | | **w** | **不发音** | **某些词** | **two, towards** | --- ### X | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | x | /ks/ | 多数情况 | box, six, fix, mix, fox, taxi, exit, expert, extra, explain, expect, explore, express, extend, extreme, texture, context, index, relax, complex | | x | /gz/ | 重读音节前 | exam, exact, example, exist, exhaust, exhibit, exert, exile, exotic, exalt | | x | /z/ | 开头 | xylophone, xenophobia, Xerox, xenon | --- ### Y | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | y | /j/ | 开头 | yes, yoke, yak, yard, year, you, your, yet, yell, young, yield, yoga, yam, yarn, yawn, yeast, yolk, youth, yummy | | y | /iː/ | 结尾（单音节） | sky, fly, cry, dry, shy, spy, my, by, why, try | | y | /i/ | 结尾（多音节） | happy, funny, sunny, baby, lady, candy, story, family, city, party, puppy, bunny, berry, cherry, dairy, fairy, furry, jelly, messy, penny | | y | /aɪ/ | 结尾（单音节重读） | sky, fly, cry, dry, shy, spy, my, by, why, try | --- ### Z | 字母 | 发音 | 位置/条件 | 示例单词 | |------|------|-----------|----------| | z | /z/ | 开头 | zip, zoo, zero, zone, zebra, zap, zigzag, zoom, zest, zinc, zipper, zodiac, zombie, zone | | z | /z/ | 中间 | lazy, crazy, dozen, frozen, wizard, hazard, puzzle, dazzle, drizzle, emerald, horizon, magazine, realize, organize, recognize | | z | /z/ | 结尾 | buzz, jazz, quiz, size, prize, freeze, breeze, sneeze, squeeze, amaze, blaze, bronze, gaze, haze, maze | | zz | /z/ | 中间/结尾 | buzz, fuzzy, puzzle, dizzy, jazz, nozzle, muzzle, sizzle, drizzle, frazzle, guzzle, nuzzle | --- 以上就是完整的**两部分对照表**： - **第一部分（按音标维度）**：从发音出发查写法，适合"听到想写" - **第二部分（按字母维度）**：从字母出发查发音，包含不发音规则，适合"看到想读" 两部分可以左右打印对照教学。
七宇轩远
2026年10月20日
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